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Les lois palestiniennes de l’eau : entre centralisation, décentralisation et mise en invisibilité

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  • Jeanne PERRIER

Abstract

Cet article explore les processus de réformes des lois palestiniennes de l’eau, en particulier la dernière loi de l’eau promulguée en 2014. Ces réformes législatives s’inscrivent dans un contexte international de modernisation des lois de l’eau, et dans un contexte national palestinien d’une réforme de la gestion de l’eau entamée en 2008. Celles-ci reprennent les idées clés formulées dans les Principes de Dublin en 1992. L’État et le concept d’efficience se retrouvent au cœur des dispositions des lois modernes de l’eau, et s’accommodent parfaitement du contexte conflictuel entre Israël et l’Autorité palestinienne.L’objectif de cet article est de déconstruire le processus de réformes de la gestion de l’eau palestinienne pour comprendre les véritables enjeux de pouvoir. Pour y parvenir, nous analyserons le contexte politique et discursif de production de la loi de l’eau palestinienne de 2014. Celle-ci a pour objectif de mettre en place une gestion plus démocratique des ressources en eau, notamment à travers un processus de décentralisation de l’Autorité palestinienne de l’eau vers de nouveaux acteurs, tels que les fournisseurs régionaux ou encore les associations d’usagers de l’eau. Cependant sa mise en œuvre s’avère un échec. Cet article montre comment elle a ignoré les constellations hydropolitiques locales et les enjeux de pouvoir entre les différents acteurs de cette gestion de l’eau.Le pouvoir de l’Autorité palestinienne de l’eau reste limité. Il se heurte à la réalité du pluralisme juridique, en pratique dans la gestion de l’eau palestinienne. L’occupation israélienne accentue ces difficultés. Cependant, les outils législatifs, tels que la loi de l’eau de 2014 et les récentes réglementations, permettent d’avancer petit à petit les pions d’une centralisation de la gestion des ressources en eau. Ainsi, les discours de décentralisation promus par les bailleurs de fonds et repris par l’Autorité palestinienne de l’eau pour justifier les réformes sur l’eau cachent une dynamique d’intégration verticale de la gestion des ressources en eau. Le règlement sur les associations d’usagers de l’eau en est exemple frappant. L’analyse des documents législatifs couplés aux stratégies palestiniennes et aux dynamiques internes nous permet de révéler ces dynamiques de centralisation qui menacent les pratiques locales de la gestion de l’eau.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeanne PERRIER, 2019. "Les lois palestiniennes de l’eau : entre centralisation, décentralisation et mise en invisibilité," Working Paper f2757814-3bd9-4fc1-970d-2, Agence française de développement.
    • Handle: RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr10673
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    Palestine;

    JEL classification:

    • Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics

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