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Geography, Religion, Caste and Gendered Lives: Evidence from an Indian Time Use Survey

Author

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  • Aparajita Dasgupta

    (Ashoka University)

  • Ashokankur Datta

    (Shiv Nadar University)

Abstract

Is female labour force participation a good proxy for gendered time use? How do geography and the social institutions of caste and religion interact with the gendered distribution of time within Indian households? In this study, we use gender distance metrics, inspired by distance measures between vectors, to measure the extent to which time allocation within households is gendered. We show that the relationship between gender distance and labour force participation is not monotonic and the linear relationship between the two is not statistically strong. The relationship of caste, religion and region with gendered time use metrics is distinct from their relationship with employment. Interestingly, in contrast to popular hypotheses which suggest North Indian, Muslim, and Upper Caste households are more gender unequal, we only find robust confirmation for the hypothesis related to Islam in our regression framework. To further estimate the direct contribution of caste and religion in explaining the gendered time use gap between groups (as distinct from the contribution of differential distribution of covariates between groups), we supplement our regression results with Oaxaca-Blinder (1973) decomposition and Dinardo-Fortin-Lemeieux(1996) decomposition. These analyses confirm that caste and religion have complex and unexpected heterogeneous effects on the intensity of gendered time use.

Suggested Citation

  • Aparajita Dasgupta & Ashokankur Datta, 2023. "Geography, Religion, Caste and Gendered Lives: Evidence from an Indian Time Use Survey," Working Papers 98, Ashoka University, Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:ash:wpaper:98
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    File URL: https://dp.ashoka.edu.in/ash/wpaper/paper98_0.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bina Agarwal & Pervesh Anthwal & Malvika Mahesh, 2021. "How Many and Which Women Own Land in India? Inter-gender and Intra-gender Gaps," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(11), pages 1807-1829, November.
    2. Alem, Yonas & Hassen, Sied & Köhlin, Gunnar, 2023. "Decision-making within the household: The role of division of labor and differences in preferences," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 511-528.
    3. Juan Carlos Campaña & Jose Ignacio Giménez-Nadal & José Alberto Molina, 2018. "Gender Norms and the Gendered Distribution of Total Work in Latin American Households," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(1), pages 35-62, January.
    4. Amaresh Dubey & Wendy Olsen & Kunal Sen, 2017. "The Decline in the Labour Force Participation of Rural Women in India: Taking a Long-Run View," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 60(4), pages 589-612, December.
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