IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/anf/wpaper/34.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Who lends to the Indian state?

Author

Listed:
  • Aneesha Chitgupi

    (xKDR Forum)

  • Ajay Shah

    (xKDR Forum)

  • Manish K. Singh

    (Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee)

  • Susan Thomas

    (xKDR Forum)

  • Harsh Vardhan

    (xKDR Forum)

Abstract

Much of Indian public finance research has focused on the level of debt and deficits. In this paper, we examine the structure of lenders to the Indian state. To what extent is this lending coerced? Is the present debt management strategy consistent with the objectives of low cost borrowing for the government in the long run, while preserving efficiency in the economy, and retaining the optionality of surging borrowing when faced with rare events? We find 5% of the lending to the Indian state comes from voluntary sources. While financial repression for banks eased `de jure' with a decline in the SLR from 33% in 1988 to 18% in 2021, lending to the state beyond regulatory requirements was Rs.30 trillion in 2021. Alongside this, the growth of the pension and insurance industries created new pools of assets where financial repression generated bountiful lending to the government. These facts help re-examine debt management strategy in India.

Suggested Citation

  • Aneesha Chitgupi & Ajay Shah & Manish K. Singh & Susan Thomas & Harsh Vardhan, 2024. "Who lends to the Indian state?," Working Papers 34, xKDR.
  • Handle: RePEc:anf:wpaper:34
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://papers.xkdr.org/papers/2024ChitgupiSSTV_who_lends_to_indian_state.pdf
    File Function: First version, 2024
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. repec:imf:imfdps:2022/001 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Kenneth M. Kletzer, 2004. "Liberalizing Capital Flows in India: Financial Repression, Macroeconomic Policy, and Gradual Reforms," India Policy Forum, Global Economy and Development Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 1(1), pages 227-275.
    3. Krugman, Paul, 1979. "A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 11(3), pages 311-325, August.
    4. Feldberg, Greg, 2020. "Monetization of Fiscal Deficits and COVID-19: A Primer," Journal of Financial Crises, Yale Program on Financial Stability (YPFS), vol. 2(4), pages 1-35, April.
    5. repec:imf:imfdps:2021/023 is not listed on IDEAS
    6. Mr. Michael Kumhof & Mr. Evan C Tanner, 2005. "Government Debt: A Key Role in Financial Intermediation," IMF Working Papers 2005/057, International Monetary Fund.
    7. Miss Yinqiu Lu & Dmitry Yakovlev, 2017. "Exploring the Role of Foreign Investors in Russia's Local Currency Government Bond (OFZ) Market," IMF Working Papers 2017/028, International Monetary Fund.
    8. Y V Reddy, 2002. "Issues and challenges in the development of the debt market in India," BIS Papers chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), The development of bond markets in emerging economies, volume 11, pages 117-126, Bank for International Settlements.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ohnsorge, Franziska & Kose, M. Ayhan & Sugawara, Naotaka, 2020. "Benefits and Costs of Debt: The Dose Makes the Poison," CEPR Discussion Papers 14439, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    2. Endo, Tadashi, 2022. "Endogenous market development for government securities in lower-income economies," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    3. Steininger, Lea & Hesse, Casimir, 2024. "Buying into new ideas: The ECB’s evolving justification of unlimited liquidity," Department of Economics Working Paper Series 357, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business.
    4. Afonso, António & Arghyrou, Michael G. & Gadea, María Dolores & Kontonikas, Alexandros, 2018. "“Whatever it takes” to resolve the European sovereign debt crisis? Bond pricing regime switches and monetary policy effects," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 1-30.
    5. Juan José Echavarría & Andrés González, 2012. "Choques internacionales reales y financieros y su impacto sobre la economía colombiana," Revista ESPE - Ensayos sobre Política Económica, Banco de la Republica de Colombia, vol. 30(69), pages 14-66, December.
    6. AfDB AfDB, 2002. "Working Paper 42 - Global Financial Crisis: Implications and Lessons for Africa," Working Paper Series 2179, African Development Bank.
    7. Ortiz-Zarco, Ruth & Ortiz-Zarco, Eusebio, 2016. "Impacto del desarrollo del sistema financiero en el comercio de los países que integran la OCDE," Panorama Económico, Escuela Superior de Economía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, vol. 0(44), pages 35-62, primer se.
    8. Wen-ya Chang & Hsueh-fang Tsai, 2006. "On Dynamic Tax Reform with Regime Switching," Public Finance Review, , vol. 34(3), pages 306-327, May.
    9. Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Ciferri, Davide & Girardi, Alessandro, 2011. "Fiscal shocks and real exchange rate dynamics: Some evidence for Latin America," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 709-723, September.
    10. Meissner, Christopher M. & Oomes, Nienke, 2009. "Why do countries peg the way they peg? The determinants of anchor currency choice," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 522-547, April.
    11. Yin-Wong Cheung & Hiro Ito, 2009. "A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of International Reserves," International Economic Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(4), pages 447-481.
    12. Riad Dahel, "undated". "On the Predictability of Currency Crises: The Use of Indicators in the Case of Arab Countries," API-Working Paper Series 0003, Arab Planning Institute - Kuwait, Information Center.
    13. Kimani, Stephanie, 2024. "Implications of macroeconomic stabilization policies on financial intermediation," KBA Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy Working Paper Series 82, Kenya Bankers Association (KBA).
    14. De Bandt, Olivier & Hartmann, Philipp, 2000. "Systemic risk: A survey," Working Paper Series 35, European Central Bank.
    15. Sun, Huayu & Ma, Yue, 2005. "Policy strategies to deal with revaluation pressures on the renminbi," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 16(2), pages 103-117.
    16. Sara Bertin & Steve Ohana & Vanessa Strauss-Kahn, 2016. "Revisiting the Link Between Political and Financial Crises in Africa," Journal of African Economies, Centre for the Study of African Economies, vol. 25(3), pages 323-366.
    17. Giulio Federico, 2001. "IMF Conditionality," Economics Papers 2001-W19, Economics Group, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, revised 01 Sep 2001.
    18. Tony Yates, 2004. "Monetary Policy and the Zero Bound to Interest Rates: A Review1," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(3), pages 427-481, July.
    19. Oleg Itskhoki & Dmitry Mukhin, 2022. "Sanctions and the Exchange Rate," Intereconomics: Review of European Economic Policy, Springer;ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics;Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), vol. 57(3), pages 148-151, May.
    20. Babecký, Jan & Havránek, Tomáš & Matějů, Jakub & Rusnák, Marek & Šmídková, Kateřina & Vašíček, Bořek, 2014. "Banking, debt, and currency crises in developed countries: Stylized facts and early warning indicators," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 1-17.

    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • H63 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
    • H68 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt - - - Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
    • H74 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - State and Local Borrowing
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:anf:wpaper:34. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Ami Dagli (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.papers.xkdr.org/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.