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World military expenditures

In: Handbook of Defense Economics

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  • Brzoska, Michael

Abstract

Military expenditure is difficult to define. Major issues are functional versus institutional approaches to defense, indirect and intangible costs and benefits and current versus comprehensive accounting. Authoritative institutions have adopted standard definitions but national governments are free to use their own definitions. Specific inflation pressures complicate the creation of real time series of military expenditures. International comparisons are influenced by the choice of exchange rates. For some countries, no credible data are available. Data series on military expenditures and arms transfers must be used with caution as the publishing institutions have only limited resources to deal with the numerous conceptual and practical problems.

Suggested Citation

  • Brzoska, Michael, 1995. "World military expenditures," Handbook of Defense Economics, in: Keith Hartley & Todd Sandler (ed.), Handbook of Defense Economics, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 3, pages 45-67, Elsevier.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:hdechp:1-03
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Collier, Paul & Hoeffler, Anke, 2002. "Military expenditure - threats, aid, and arms races," Policy Research Working Paper Series 2927, The World Bank.
    2. James H. Lebovic, 2001. "Spending Priorities and Democratic Rule in Latin America," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 45(4), pages 427-452, August.
    3. Alptekin, Aynur & Levine, Paul, 2012. "Military expenditure and economic growth: A meta-analysis," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 636-650.
    4. Peter E. Robertson & Adrian Sin, 2017. "Measuring hard power: China’s economic growth and military capacity," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(1), pages 91-111, January.
    5. Indra de Soysa & Eric Neumayer, 2005. "Disarming Fears of Diversity: Ethnic Heterogeneity and State Militarization, 1988–2002," Public Economics 0503008, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 01 Sep 2005.
    6. Claudia Pérez- Forniés & Mª Dolores Gadea & Eva Pardos, 2004. "Gasto en defensa y renta en los países de la Alianza Atlántica (1960-2002)," Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics, IEF, vol. 170(3), pages 137-153, september.
    7. Anderton,Charles H. & Carter,John R., 2009. "Principles of Conflict Economics," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521875578, December.
    8. Mauricio A. Rodr�guez & Nancy A. Daza, 2012. "Determinants of Civil Conflict in Colombia: How Robust are they?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 109-131, April.
    9. Hwang, Sung-Ha, 2012. "Technology of military conflict, military spending, and war," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(1), pages 226-236.
    10. Economou, Emmanouel/Marios/Lazaros, 2018. "Η Συσχέτιση Της Οικονομίας Και Του Πολέμου: Μια Βιβλιογραφική Επισκόπηση [The relation between economics and warfare: A bibliographic overview]," MPRA Paper 108643, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    11. Justin Conrad & Hong-Cheol Kim & Mark Souva, 2013. "Narrow interests and military resource allocation in autocratic regimes," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 50(6), pages 737-750, November.
    12. Janvier Nkurunziza, 2004. "How Long Can Inflation Tax Compensate For The Loss Of Government Revenue In War Economies? Evidence From Burundi," Development and Comp Systems 0409065, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Chang, Wen-ya & Tsai, Hsueh-fang & Lai, Ching-chong, 2002. "Anticipated foreign military threat, arms accumulation, and the current account in a small open economy," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 21(7), pages 1035-1052, December.
    14. Jean-Yves Caro, 1998. "Croissance et dépenses de défense dans les pays de l'Asean," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 49(1), pages 139-149.
    15. Slobodanka B. Teodosijevic, 2003. "Armed Conflicts and Food Security," Working Papers 03-11, Agricultural and Development Economics Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO - ESA).
    16. Itay Ringel & Asher Tishler, 2011. "The Government Budget Allocation Process and National Security: An Application to the Israeli–Syrian Arms Race," Chapters, in: Derek L. Braddon & Keith Hartley (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Conflict, chapter 6, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    17. Binyam Solomon, 2003. "Defence specific inflation: A Canadian perspective," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(1), pages 19-36.
    18. Janvier Nkurunziza, 2004. "How long can inflation tax compensate for the loss Wof government revenue in war economics? Evidence from Burundi," Economics Series Working Papers WPS/2004-19, University of Oxford, Department of Economics.

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