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Financial Development, Financial Inclusion And Informality: New International Evidence

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  • MARíA PAULA VARGAS

    (Department of Economics, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Peru)

  • ERICK LAHURA

    (Department of Economics, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), San Miguel 15088, Peru†Research Department, Central Reserve Bank of Peru (BCRP), Lima 15001, Peru)

Abstract

This paper explores the empirical relationship between informality and several indicators of financial development (FD) and financial inclusion (FI). We exploit a panel of 152 countries with annual information between 1991 and 2017. Using panel cointegration techniques, we find evidence of a negative long-run relationship between informality and FD/FI for different groups of countries. Moreover, exogeneity tests indicate that some FD/FI indicators cause less informality. Specifically, we find that in developing countries FD reduces informality when measured as “financial credit†and “bank credit†, whereas FI reduces informality when measured as “number of bank accounts†. These results suggest that higher credit and more bank accounts have contributed to reducing informality in developing countries in the long run. Additionally, we find evidence of double causality between informality and other FD/FI indicators in developing and Latin American countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Marã­A Paula Vargas & Erick Lahura, 2022. "Financial Development, Financial Inclusion And Informality: New International Evidence," Global Economy Journal (GEJ), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 22(03), pages 1-42, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wsi:gejxxx:v:22:y:2022:i:03:n:s2194565923500070
    DOI: 10.1142/S2194565923500070
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial development; financial inclusion; informality; panel cointegration;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • G20 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - General
    • E26 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Informal Economy; Underground Economy

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