IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/povpop/v11y2019i3p238-264.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Are Rural Egyptians Better Off? Trends in Inequality and Real Consumption Expenditure in Rural Egypt

Author

Listed:
  • Heba E. Helmy

Abstract

This article uses three selected national household surveys conducted in Egypt in 1981/1982, 2004/2005, and 2015 to assess the evolution of rural consumption inequality and trends in real rural consumption expenditure at the beginning year of Mubarak’s era, his end years, and the post‐Mubarak era, respectively. After evaluating inequality using inequality measures, we construct two consumer price indices (CPIs), a general and a food CPI, for rural Egypt for the period 1981 till 2015 to evaluate rural real consumption. The article concludes that rural consumption inequality had slightly fallen from the beginning of the Mubarak era toward its end, but slightly rose again in the post‐Mubarak era. Despite the changes, estimates of rural inequality were moderate. Nevertheless, such moderate levels of inequality are expected to be higher if the new rural areas in reclaimed desert lands are accounted for separately in national surveys. The article also concludes that according to our CPI, real rural consumption expenditure had fallen in most expenditure brackets throughout the whole period, with the exception of some small‐sized brackets at the very top and very bottom ends of the consumption expenditure distribution. 本文选取分别在1981年2月、2004年5月、2015年进行的三次埃及全国家庭调查,以期评估乡村消费不平等进程、以及总统穆巴拉克当选第一年、任期最后几年、后穆巴拉克时期(卸任后时期)的实际乡村消费开支趋势。通过对不平等进行衡量,我们为1981年至2015年的乡村埃及建构了两种消费者价格指数(CPI),分别为一般CPI和粮食CPI,以评价乡村的实际消费。本文结论认为,从穆巴拉克时期的开始到结束,乡村消费不平等情况有所下降,但并不明显,同时在后穆巴拉克时期又有所上升。尽管存在这些变化,但乡村不平等预测情况适中。尽管如此,如果全国调查分别把从沙漠荒地开垦出的新乡村地区计算在内的话,这种适中的不平等情况预期会更高。结论还认为,根据CPI,尽管部分小型开支等级处于消费开支分布的首尾,但实际的乡村消费开支在整个时期都已进入绝大多数的开支等级。 Este documento utiliza tres encuestas nacionales de hogares seleccionadas realizadas en Egipto en 1981/2, 2004/5 y 2015 para evaluar la evolución de la desigualdad del consumo rural y las tendencias en el gasto real de consumo rural al comienzo del año de la era de Mubarak, sus últimos años y la era post‐Mubarak respectivamente. Después de evaluar la desigualdad utilizando medidas de desigualdad, construimos dos IPC, un IPC general y uno alimentario, para el Egipto rural en el período de 1981 a 2015 para evaluar el consumo real rural. El documento concluye que la desigualdad en el consumo rural había disminuido ligeramente desde el comienzo de la era de Mubarak hacia su final, pero aumentó ligeramente nuevamente en la era posterior a Mubarak. A pesar de los cambios, las estimaciones de la desigualdad rural fueron moderadas. Sin embargo, se espera que dichos niveles moderados de desigualdad sean más altos si las nuevas áreas rurales en las tierras desérticas recuperadas se contabilizan por separado en las encuestas nacionales. El documento también concluye que, de acuerdo con nuestro IPC, el gasto real de consumo rural había caído en la mayoría de los tramos de gasto durante todo el período, con la excepción de algunos tramos de pequeño tamaño en los extremos superior e inferior de la distribución del gasto de consumo.

Suggested Citation

  • Heba E. Helmy, 2019. "Are Rural Egyptians Better Off? Trends in Inequality and Real Consumption Expenditure in Rural Egypt," Poverty & Public Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 11(3), pages 238-264, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:11:y:2019:i:3:p:238-264
    DOI: 10.1002/pop4.252
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.252
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/pop4.252?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Shujie Yao & Zongyi Zhang & Gengfu Feng, 2005. "Rural-urban and regional inequality in output, income and consumption in China under economic reforms," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 32(1), pages 4-24, January.
    2. Ali, Sonia M. & Adams, Richard Jr, 1996. "The Egyptian food subsidy system: Operation and effects on income distribution," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 24(11), pages 1777-1791, November.
    3. Paolo Verme & Branko Milanovic & Sherine Al-Shawarby & Sahar El Tawila & May Gadallah & Enas Ali A. El-Majeed, 2014. "Inside Inequality in the Arab Republic of Egypt : Facts and Perceptions across People, Time, and Space," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 17583.
    4. S. Selvanathan & E. A. Selvanathan, 2006. "Consumption patterns of food, tobacco and beverages: a cross-country analysis," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(13), pages 1567-1584.
    5. Ibrahim Soliman, 2015. "Diagnosis and Challenges of Sustainable Agricultural Development in Egypt," Cooperative Management, in: Michel Petit & Etienne Montaigne & Fatima El Hadad-Gauthier & José María García Álvarez-Coque & Kons (ed.), Sustainable Agricultural Development, edition 127, chapter 0, pages 19-64, Springer.
    6. Georgia Kaplanoglou & Vassilis T. Rapanos, 2018. "Evolutions in Consumption Inequality and Poverty in Greece: The Impact of the Crisis and Austerity Policies," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 64(1), pages 105-126, March.
    7. Richard Blundell & Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten, 2016. "Consumption Inequality and Family Labor Supply," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 106(2), pages 387-435, February.
    8. Alary, Véronique & Aboul-Naga, Adel & Osman, Mona A. & Daoud, Ibrahim & Abdelraheem, Sahar & Salah, Ehab & Juanes, Xavier & Bonnet, Pascal, 2018. "Desert land reclamation programs and family land dynamics in the Western Desert of the Nile Delta (Egypt), 1960–2010," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 140-153.
    9. Alderman, Harold & von Braun, Joachim, 1984. "The effects of the Egyptian food ration and subsidy system on income distribution and consumption:," Research reports 45, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    10. Shujie Yao & Zongyi Zhang & Gengfu Feng, 2005. "Rural‐urban and regional inequality in output, income and consumption in China under economic reforms," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 32(1), pages 4-24, February.
    11. Orazio P. Attanasio & Luigi Pistaferri, 2016. "Consumption Inequality," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 30(2), pages 3-28, Spring.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Yu, Jian & Shi, Xunpeng & Cheong, Tsun Se, 2021. "Distribution dynamics of China's household consumption upgrading," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 193-203.
    2. Bettarelli, Luca & Estefania-Flores, Julia & Furceri, Davide & Loungani, Prakash & Pizzuto, Pietro, 2023. "Energy inflation and consumption inequality," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 124(C).
    3. Jochen Mankart & Rigas Oikonomou, 2017. "Household Search and the Aggregate Labour Market," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 84(4), pages 1735-1788.
    4. Molnárová, Zuzana & Reiter, Michael, 2022. "Technology, demand, and productivity: What an industry model tells us about business cycles," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    5. Bennett, Patrick & Ravetti, Chiara & Wong, Po Yin, 2021. "Losing in a boom: Long-term consequences of a local economic shock for female labour market outcomes," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 73(C).
    6. Lichner, Ivan & Lyócsa, Štefan & Výrostová, Eva, 2022. "Nominal and discretionary household income convergence: The effect of a crisis in a small open economy," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 18-31.
    7. François Gerard & Joana Naritomi, 2021. "Job Displacement Insurance and (the Lack of) Consumption-Smoothing," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 111(3), pages 899-942, March.
    8. Pottier, Antonin, 2022. "Expenditure elasticity and income elasticity of GHG emissions: A survey of literature on household carbon footprint," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 192(C).
    9. Kindermann, Fabian & Mayr, Lukas & Sachs, Dominik, 2020. "Inheritance taxation and wealth effects on the labor supply of heirs," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 191(C).
    10. Sascha Drahs & Luke Haywood & Amelie Schiprowski, 2018. "Job Search with Subjective Wage Expectations," Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin 1725, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
    11. Nawid Siassi, 2019. "Inequality and the Marriage Gap," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 31, pages 160-181, January.
    12. Jonathan Heathcote & Fabrizio Perri & Giovanni Violante & Lichen Zhang, 2023. "More Unequal We Stand? Inequality Dynamics in the United States, 1967–2021," Review of Economic Dynamics, Elsevier for the Society for Economic Dynamics, vol. 50, pages 235-266, October.
    13. Fadlon, Itzik & Nielsen, Torben Heien, 2019. "Household labor supply and the gains from social insurance," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 18-28.
    14. Aïssata COULIBALY & Urbain Thierry YOGO, 2016. "Access to Financial Services and Working Poverty in Developing Countries," Working Papers 201620, CERDI.
    15. Marieke Bos & Emily Breza & Andres Liberman, 2018. "The Labor Market Effects of Credit Market Information," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 31(6), pages 2005-2037.
    16. Bloemen, Hans, 2021. "Labor Market Transitions of Members of Opposite-Sex Couples: Nonparticipation, Unemployed Search, and Employment," IZA Discussion Papers 14673, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    17. Richard Blundell & Monica Costa-Dias & David Goll & Costas Meghir, 2021. "Wages, Experience, and Training of Women over the Life Cycle," Journal of Labor Economics, University of Chicago Press, vol. 39(S1), pages 275-315.
    18. Landais, Camille & Kolsrud, Jonas & Spinnewijn, Johannes, 2017. "Studying Consumption Patterns using Registry Data: Lessons From Swedish Administrative Data," CEPR Discussion Papers 12402, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    19. Rachel Griffith & Peter Levell & Agnes Norris Keiller, 2021. "Potential Consequences of Post‐Brexit Trade Barriers for Earnings Inequality in the UK," Economica, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 88(352), pages 839-862, October.
    20. Christian Dustmann & Bernd Fitzenberger & Markus Zimmermann, 2022. "Housing Expenditure and Income Inequality," The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 132(645), pages 1709-1736.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:povpop:v:11:y:2019:i:3:p:238-264. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1944-2858 .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.