IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/jintdv/v36y2024i5p2318-2341.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Financial inclusion in India: How far do grassroots institutions matter?

Author

Listed:
  • Shika Saravanabhavan
  • Meenakshi Rajeev

Abstract

Though the relevance of grassroots institutions for financial inclusion (FI) is widely recognised, we still do not fully understand its differential effect on FI, particularly in relation to commercial banks. To investigate this issue, we consider the household's moneylender dependence as an indicator of financial exclusion and thus our outcome variable. Further, we have developed FI indices using indicators of commercial and cooperative banks, which we used as explanatory variables in our analysis. Our results show that, while there is a decreased dependence on moneylenders even at low levels of FI through cooperatives, commercial banks show an inverted U‐shaped relationship implying a decreasing effect only after a threshold level.

Suggested Citation

  • Shika Saravanabhavan & Meenakshi Rajeev, 2024. "Financial inclusion in India: How far do grassroots institutions matter?," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 36(5), pages 2318-2341, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:jintdv:v:36:y:2024:i:5:p:2318-2341
    DOI: 10.1002/jid.3897
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3897
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/jid.3897?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. ., 1998. "The concept of sustainable economic development," Chapters, in: The Economics of Environment and Development, chapter 1, pages 1-21, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    2. Chakravarty, Satya R. & Pal, Rupayan, 2013. "Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 35(5), pages 813-837.
    3. Robin Burgess & Rohini Pande, 2005. "Do Rural Banks Matter? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 95(3), pages 780-795, June.
    4. Henry Kaiser, 1958. "The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 23(3), pages 187-200, September.
    5. Chattopadhyay, Sadhan Kumar, 2011. "Financial Inclusion in India: A case-study of West Bengal," MPRA Paper 34269, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2011.
    6. Allen Berger & Iftekhar Hasan & Leora Klapper, 2004. "Further Evidence on the Link between Finance and Growth: An International Analysis of Community Banking and Economic Performance," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 169-202, April.
    7. Hendrik Hakenes & Iftekhar Hasan & PhilIP Molyneux & Ru Xie, 2015. "Small Banks and Local Economic Development," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(2), pages 653-683.
    8. Besley, Timothy, 1994. "How Do Market Failures Justify Interventions in Rural Credit Markets?," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 9(1), pages 27-47, January.
    9. Rashmi Arora, 2012. "Financial Inclusion and Human Capital in Developing Asia: the Australian connection," Third World Quarterly, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(1), pages 177-197.
    10. Pascaline Dupas & Jonathan Robinson, 2013. "Savings Constraints and Microenterprise Development: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya," American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Association, vol. 5(1), pages 163-192, January.
    11. Robert G. King & Ross Levine, 1993. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(3), pages 717-737.
    12. Jeffrey M Wooldridge, 2010. "Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 2, volume 1, number 0262232588, December.
    13. Huppi, Monika & Feder, Gershon, 1990. "The Role of Groups and Credit Cooperatives in Rural Lending," The World Bank Research Observer, World Bank, vol. 5(2), pages 187-204, July.
    14. Luigi Guiso & Paola Sapienza & Luigi Zingales, 2009. "Does Local Financial Development Matter?," Springer Books, in: Damiano Bruno Silipo (ed.), The Banks and the Italian Economy, chapter 0, pages 31-66, Springer.
    15. Cragg, John G, 1971. "Some Statistical Models for Limited Dependent Variables with Application to the Demand for Durable Goods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 39(5), pages 829-844, September.
    16. Beck, Thorsten & Demirguc-Kunt, Asli & Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad, 2007. "Reaching out: Access to and use of banking services across countries," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(1), pages 234-266, July.
    17. Jesu Raju Thomas & Jyothi Kumar, 2016. "Social performance and sustainability of Indian microfinance institutions: an interrogation," Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 38-50, January.
    18. Satya R. Chakravarty & Rupayan Pal, 2010. "Measuring financial inclusion: An Axiomatic approach," Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai Working Papers 2010-03, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai, India.
    19. McKillop, Donal & French, Declan & Quinn, Barry & Sobiech, Anna L. & Wilson, John O.S., 2020. "Cooperative financial institutions: A review of the literature," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    20. Robin Burgess & Rohini Pande & Grace Wong, 2005. "Banking for the Poor: Evidence From India," Journal of the European Economic Association, MIT Press, vol. 3(2-3), pages 268-278, 04/05.
    21. Dean Karlan & Sendhil Mullainathan & Benjamin N. Roth, 2019. "Debt Traps? Market Vendors and Moneylender Debt in India and the Philippines," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 1(1), pages 27-42, June.
    22. Mitchell A. Petersen & Raghuram G. Rajan, 2002. "Does Distance Still Matter? The Information Revolution in Small Business Lending," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 57(6), pages 2533-2570, December.
    23. Sougata Ray & Sushanta Mahapatra, 2016. "Penetration of MFIs among Indian states: an understanding through macro variables," International Journal of Development Issues, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(3), pages 294-305, September.
    24. Howard Jones, 2008. "Livelihood diversification and moneylending in a Rajasthan village: what lessons for rural financial services?," The European Journal of Development Research, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol. 20(3), pages 507-518.
    25. Beck, Thorsten & Levine, Ross & Loayza, Norman, 2000. "Finance and the sources of growth," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(1-2), pages 261-300.
    26. David Hulme & Mathilde Maitrot, 2014. "Has Microfinance Lost its Moral Compass?," Global Development Institute Working Paper Series 20514, GDI, The University of Manchester.
    27. Meenakshi Rajeev & B. P. Vani, 2017. "Financial Access of the Urban Poor in India," SpringerBriefs in Economics, Springer, number 978-81-322-3712-9, February.
    28. Tiziana Venittelli, 2017. "The Impact of Microfinance Institutions on the Informal Credit Market: Evidence from Andhra Pradesh," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 29(2), pages 512-531, April.
    29. Ghosh, Saibal & Vinod, D., 2017. "What Constrains Financial Inclusion for Women? Evidence from Indian Micro data," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 60-81.
    30. Nitin Kumar, 2013. "Financial inclusion and its determinants: evidence from India," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 5(1), pages 4-19, April.
    31. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2004_008 is not listed on IDEAS
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Shika Saravanabhavan, 2018. "Understanding the disparity in financial inclusion across Indian States: A comprehensive index for the period 1984 – 2016," Working Papers 405, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
    2. Popov, Alexander, 2017. "Evidence on finance and economic growth," Working Paper Series 2115, European Central Bank.
    3. N'dri, Lasme Mathieu & Kakinaka, Makoto, 2020. "Financial inclusion, mobile money, and individual welfare: The case of Burkina Faso," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 44(3).
    4. Grohmann, Antonia & Klühs, Theres & Menkhoff, Lukas, 2018. "Does financial literacy improve financial inclusion? Cross country evidence," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 111(C), pages 84-96.
    5. Pierluigi Murro & Valentina Peruzzi, 2018. "Cooperative banks and income inequality: Evidence from Italian provinces," Working Papers CASMEF 1804, Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, LUISS Guido Carli.
    6. repec:zbw:bofrdp:2014_005 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. Shahid Manzoor Shah & Amjad Ali, 2022. "A Survey on Financial Inclusion: Theoretical and Empirical Literature Review," Journal of Policy Research (JPR), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 8(4), pages 310-330, December.
    8. Raoul Minetti & Pierluigi Murro & Valentina Peruzzi, 2021. "Not All Banks Are Equal: Cooperative Banking And Income Inequality," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 59(1), pages 420-440, January.
    9. repec:ris:msuecw:2019_010 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Iqbal, Kazi & Roy, Paritosh K. & Alam, Shamsul, 2020. "The impact of banking services on poverty: Evidence from sub-district level for Bangladesh," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    11. Hendrik Hakenes & Iftekhar Hasan & PhilIP Molyneux & Ru Xie, 2015. "Small Banks and Local Economic Development," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(2), pages 653-683.
    12. Shantanu Ghosh & Tarak Nath Sahu, 2021. "Financial inclusion and economic status of the states of India: An empirical evidence," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 50(2), July.
    13. Zhuang, Juzhong & Gunatilake, Herath & Niimi, Yoko & Ehsan Khan, Muhammad & Jiang, Yi & Hasan, Rana & Khor, Niny & S. Lagman-Martin, Anneli & Bracey, Pamela & Huang, Biao, 2009. "Financial Sector Development, Economic Growth, and Poverty Reduction: A Literature Review," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 173, Asian Development Bank.
    14. Pasali, Selahattin Selsah, 2013. "Where is the cheese ? synthesizing a giant literature on causes and consequences of financial sector development," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6655, The World Bank.
    15. Hendrik Hakenes & Iftekhar Hasan & PhilIP Molyneux & Ru Xie, 2015. "Small Banks and Local Economic Development," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 19(2), pages 653-683.
    16. Ahamed, M. Mostak & Mallick, Sushanta K., 2019. "Is financial inclusion good for bank stability? International evidence," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 403-427.
    17. Kendall, Jake, 2012. "Local financial development and growth," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(5), pages 1548-1562.
    18. Sanjaya Kumar Lenka & Rajesh Barik, 2018. "Has expansion of mobile phone and internet use spurred financial inclusion in the SAARC countries?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 4(1), pages 1-19, December.
    19. Stijn Claessens & Erik Feijen, 2006. "Financial Sector Development and the Millennium Development Goals," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 7145.
    20. Shruti Malik & Girish Chandra Maheshwari & Archana Singh, 2019. "Understanding Financial Inclusion in India: A Theoretical Framework Building Through SAP–LAP and Efficient IRP," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 20(2), pages 117-140, June.
    21. Vanesa Pesqué‐Cela & Lihui Tian & Deming Luo & Damian Tobin & Gerhard Kling, 2021. "Defining and measuring financial inclusion: A systematic review and confirmatory factor analysis," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(2), pages 316-341, March.
    22. Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana & Ahamed, Mostak, 2021. "COVID-19 response needs to broaden financial inclusion to curb the rise in poverty," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 138(C).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:jintdv:v:36:y:2024:i:5:p:2318-2341. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/5102/home .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.