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Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps, and social equity considerations

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  • Robert J. Kolesar
  • Sambo Pheakdey
  • Bart Jacobs
  • Narith Chan
  • Samedy Yok
  • Martine Audibert

Abstract

The Royal Government of Cambodia recently launched its National Social Protection Policy framework to strengthen and expand social security and assistance. To inform social health protection policy, we examine socio‐economic survey data and administrative coverage data to assess the coverage potential of existing coverage mechanisms and current gaps; and compare equitable contribution rates. Over 53 per cent of the population currently has no social health protection coverage mechanism, and about 16 per cent of the population who do have access to a mechanism are not yet enrolled. Current expansion efforts focus on the formal employee scheme, primarily benefiting individuals from higher income households. In addition, recent coverage expansion to some informal workers leaves significant gaps, particularly among the informal sector. We find out‐of‐pocket health care expenditure to be an excessive share of income among lower wealth quintile individuals and conclude they are financially vulnerable. Finally, we illustrate that an equitable approach to individual, monthly health care contributions among the lower three quintiles has a severely limited potential for revenue generation, and collection costs could exceed the amount collected. Therefore, we recommend that vulnerable groups should be exempted from contribution payments as social health protection is expanded. Le gouvernement royal du Cambodge a récemment lancé son cadre de politique nationale de protection sociale dans le but de renforcer et d'étendre la sécurité et l'assistance sociales. Afin de fournir des renseignements utiles à la politique de protection sociale de la santé, nous examinons d'une part des données provenant d'enquêtes socio‐économiques et des données de couverture administrative pour évaluer le potentiel de couverture des mécanismes existants et leurs lacunes, et nous comparons d'autre part des taux de cotisation équitables. A l'heure actuelle, plus de 53 pour cent de la population n'a pas accès à un mécanisme de couverture de protection sociale de la santé, et environ 16 pour cent de la population qui a accès à un tel mécanisme n'y est pas encore inscrite. Les efforts actuels d'expansion se concentrent sur le régime formel pour employés, qui bénéficie en premier lieu aux personnes issues de ménages avec un revenu plus élevé. De plus, une expansion récente de la couverture à certains travailleurs informels a laissé des lacunes importantes, surtout au sein du secteur informel. Nous constatons que les dépenses directes liées aux soins de santé représentent une part excessive des revenus dans le quintile des personnes avec le moins de richesses et en concluons que ces personnes sont financièrement vulnérables. Enfin, nous démontrons qu'une approche équitable des cotisations individuelles et mensuelles pour les soins de santé parmi les trois quintiles inférieurs présente un potentiel très limité en ce qui concerne la génération de recettes et que les coûts de collecte sont susceptibles d'être supérieurs au montant collecté. C'est pourquoi nous recommandons d'exempter les groupes vulnérables du payement des cotisations lors de l'expansion de la protection sociale de la santé. El Gobierno Real de Camboya estableció recientemente su marco de Política Nacional de Protección Social para fortalecer y extender la seguridad y la asistencia social. Para fundamentar la política de protección social de la salud, se examinan datos provenientes de encuestas socioeconómicas y datos de cobertura administrativa para evaluar el potencial de cobertura de los mecanismos existentes y las brechas actuales, y se comparan tasas de cotización equitativas. En la actualidad, más del 53 por ciento de la población no dispone de ninguna cobertura de protección social de la salud y alrededor del 16 por ciento de la población que tendría acceso a algún tipo de cobertura aún no está afiliada. La labor encaminada a extender la cobertura se centra actualmente en el régimen formal para empleados, que beneficia principalmente a las personas de los hogares de ingresos más altos. Además, la reciente extensión de la cobertura a algunos trabajadores informales ha generado brechas significativas, en particular en el sector informal. Se observa que los gastos directos en atención de salud representan una proporción demasiado alta de los ingresos de las personas de los quintiles inferiores de riqueza, lo que lleva a la conclusión de que estas personas son vulnerables desde el punto de vista financiero. Por último, se demuestra que un enfoque equitativo de las cotizaciones mensuales individuales de atención de salud en los tres quintiles inferiores tiene un potencial de generación de ingresos muy limitado y los costos de recaudación pueden exceder los montos recaudados. Por lo tanto, se recomienda que, a medida que se amplíe la protección social de la salud, se exima a los grupos vulnerables del pago de cotizaciones. Die königliche Regierung Kambodschas hat jüngst ihren Nationalen Rahmen für Sozialschutzpolitik veröffentlicht, mit dem die soziale Sicherheit und die Sozialhilfe gestärkt und ausgebaut werden sollen. Zur Untersuchung der Politik des sozialen Gesundheitsschutzes haben wir sozio‐ökonomische Umfragedaten und administrative Daten zur Deckung analysiert, um das Deckungspotential der bestehenden Deckungsmechanismen und aktuelle Lücken zu ermitteln und diese mit gerechten Beitragssätzen zu vergleichen. Über 53 Prozent der Bevölkerung verfügen derzeit über keine Krankenversicherungsdeckung, und ungefähr 16 Prozent, die Zugang zu einem System haben, nehmen nicht daran teil. Die aktuellen Anstrengungen zur Deckungsausweitung konzentrieren sich auf das formelle System für Angestellte, das hauptsächlich Erwerbstätigen mit höheren Einkommen zugutekommt. Auch verbleiben trotz der jüngsten Ausweitungserfolge auf einige Gruppen informell Beschäftigter weiterhin große Lücken, insbesondere im informellen Sektor. Ein Befund war, dass Eigenbeteiligungen der Gesundheitskosten im untersten Quintil der Bevölkerung einen großen Teil des Einkommens verschlingen, so dass dieser Bevölkerungsteil als finanziell gefährdet gelten muss. Schließlich wird auch gezeigt, dass ein gerechter Ansatz für monatliche individuelle Krankenversicherungsbeiträge in den untersten drei Quintilen nur ein äußerst geringes Potential hat, größere Summen zu generieren; und die Kosten für den Einzug der Beiträge könnten die eingesammelte Summe sogar übersteigen. Wir empfehlen deshalb, dass gefährdete Bevölkerungsgruppen bei einer Ausweitung des sozialen Gesundheitsschutzes von der Beitragspflicht befreit werden. Королевское правительство Камбоджи недавно приступило к созданию основ национальной политики в области социальной защиты, нацеленной на укрепление и расширение системы социального обеспечения и помощи. В обоснование политики социальной защиты в сфере здравоохранения мы анализируем данные социально‐экономических обследований и данные об охвате из административных источников, чтобы оценить возможности действующих механизмов расширения охвата и существующие пробелы и чтобы сопоставить справедливые ставки взносов. В настоящее время свыше 53% населения находится вне сферы охвата социальным здравоохранением, а около 16% населения, имеющего к нему доступ, пока ещё не пользуется его услугами. Прилагаемые в настоящий момент усилия по расширению охвата преимущественно нацелены на программу для формальных работников, в первую очередь для выходцев из более состоятельных семей. Кроме того, недавние действия по расширению охвата на некоторых неформальных работников оставили за собой значительные бреши, особенно в неформальном секторе. По нашим оценкам, расходы на здравоохранение, оплачиваемые из собственного кармана, составляют чрезмерную долю дохода лиц в нижнем квинтиле благосостояния, и поэтому их можно классифицировать как уязвимые в финансовом отношении. Наконец, мы показываем, что справедливый подход к индивидуальным ежемесячным взносам в систему здравоохранения представителей трёх нижних квинтилей имеет крайне ограниченный потенциал с точки зрения поступлений в казну, а расходы на сбор взносов могут превышать приход. Поэтому мы рекомендуем, чтобы незащищённые группы населения освобождались от уплаты взносов по мере расширения системы социального здравоохранения. 柬埔寨王国政府最近启动了《国家社会保护政策》框架, 以加强扩大社会保障与救助。为了向社会医疗保护政策提供信息, 我们研究了社会经济调查数据和行政覆盖面数据, 以评估现有覆盖机制的覆盖潜力以及当前差距;同时比较了公平的缴费率。超过53%的人口目前没有社会医疗保护覆盖机制, 而有资格参加的人口中, 尚有16%未加入机制。目前的扩面努力注重正式雇员制度, 主要惠及来自较高收入家庭的个人。此外, 近期扩大非正规工人覆盖面导致了更大的差距, 特别是在非正规部门之间。我们发现, 在收入较低的五分之一人群中, 医疗支出自付费用占其收入比重过高, 因而得出结论, 他们在财务上比较弱势。最后, 我们例证了在收入较低的五分之三人群中, 医疗保险月缴费采用平等缴费的方法将严重限制个人创收的潜力, 而征缴成本可能超过征得的资金。因此我们建议, 随着社会医疗保护扩面, 应对弱势群体免征缴费。 أطلقت الحكومة الملكية الكمبودية مؤخراً إطارها السياساتي الوطني للحماية الاجتماعية ابتغاء تعزيز وتوسيع نطاق الضمان الاجتماعي والمساعدة. وللاطلاع أكثر على سياسة الحماية الصحية الاجتماعية، ندرس البيانات المستمدة من الدراسات الاستقصائية الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والبيانات عن التغطية الإدارية بغية تقييم قدرة التغطية لدى آليات التغطية القائمة وكذا الثغرات الحالية؛ ومقارنة معدلات المساهمة المنصفة. ولا ينتفع 53 في المائة من السكان حالياً من آليات التغطية بالحماية الصحية الاجتماعية، وقرابة 16 في المائة من السكان الذين لديهم نفاذ إلى إحدى هذه الآليات لم يُسجَّلوا فيها بعد. وتركز الجهود الحالية لتوسيع نطاق التغطية على خطة العامل الرسمي، وهي خطة تفيد في المقام الأول الأفراد من الأسر المعيشية ذات الدخل المرتفع. وإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن توسيع نطاق التغطية الأخير لتشمل بعض العمال غير الرسميين قد خلَّف ثغرات كبيرة، لا سيما في القطاع غير الرسمي. ونجد أن نفقات الرعاية الصحية الباهظة تمثل حصة بالغة من الدخل لدى الخُمس الأفقر من الأفراد، وخلُصنا إلى أنهم في وضع هشاشة مالية. وأخيراً، نبيّن أنه من خلال اتباع نهج منصف للأفراد، تقيّد مساهمات الرعاية الصحية الشهرية بشدة القدرة على تحقيق الدخل لدى أخماسٍ ثلاث من السكان، وأن تكاليف التجميع قد تفوق المبلغ المجمع. وبالتالي، نوصي بإعفاء الفئات الهشة من سداد المساهمات مع توسع نطاق الحماية الصحية الاجتماعية. O Governo Real do Camboja lançou recentemente seu esquema de política voltada à Proteção Social Nacional para fortalecer e expandir a seguridade social e a assistência. Para definir a política de proteção social da saúde, examinamos os dados da pesquisa socioeconômica e os dados da cobertura administrativa a fim de avaliar o potencial dos mecanismos de cobertura existentes e as lacunas atuais: e de comparar taxas de contribuição equitativas. Atualmente, mais de 53% da população não dispõe de nenhum mecanismo de cobertura de proteção social da saúde e cerca de 16% da população que tem acesso a um mecanismo ainda não está inscrita. O enfoque das iniciativas atuais de expansão está no regime de emprego formal e beneficia principalmente indivíduos pertencentes às famílias de maior renda. Além disso, a recente expansão de cobertura para alguns trabalhadores informais deixa lacunas importantes, em especial no setor informal. Levantamos que despesas médicas pagas do próprio bolso representam uma parcela excessiva da renda do quinto mais pobre da população e concluímos que eles são financeiramente vulneráveis. Finalmente, mostramos que uma abordagem equitativa das contribuições individuais mensais à assistência médica dos três quintos mais pobres da população tem um potencial severamente limitado de geração de receita e que os custos de arrecadação poderiam exceder o montante arrecadado. Recomendamos, então, que grupos vulneráveis sejam isentos de pagamentos contributivos à medida que a proteção social da saúde se expanda.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert J. Kolesar & Sambo Pheakdey & Bart Jacobs & Narith Chan & Samedy Yok & Martine Audibert, 2020. "Expanding social health protection in Cambodia: An assessment of the current coverage potential and gaps, and social equity considerations," International Social Security Review, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 73(1), pages 35-63, January.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:intssr:v:73:y:2020:i:1:p:35-63
    DOI: 10.1111/issr.12227
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    1. Kolesar, Robert John & Pheakdey, Sambo & Jacobs, Bart & Phay, Sokchegn, 2021. "Decision time: Cost estimations and policy implications to advance Universal Health Coverage in Cambodia," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 127-145.
    2. Robert John Kolesar & Guido Erreygers & Wim van Dam & Vanara Chea & Theany Choeurng & Soklong Leng, 2021. "Hardship Financing, Productivity Loss, and the Economic Cost of Illness and Injury in Cambodia," Working Papers hal-03437399, HAL.
    3. Robert John Kolesar & Peter Bogetoft & Vanara Chea & Guido Erreygers & Sambo Pheakdey, 2022. "Advancing universal health coverage in the COVID-19 era: an assessment of public health services technical efficiency and applied cost allocation in Cambodia," Health Economics Review, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-20, December.
    4. Kaiser, Andrea Hannah & Okorafor, Okore & Ekman, Björn & Chhim, Srean & Yem, Sokunthea & Sundewall, Jesper, 2023. "Assessing progress towards universal health coverage in Cambodia: Evidence using survey data from 2009 to 2019," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 321(C).

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