IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/ijfiec/v29y2024i1p1157-1171.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The S&P 500 index inclusion effect: Evidence from the options market

Author

Listed:
  • Jerry Coakley
  • George Dotsis
  • Apostolos Kourtis
  • Dimitris Psychoyios

Abstract

This paper employs forward‐looking information from the options market to shed light on the comovement implications of S&P 500 index inclusion events over the 1997–2020 period. To this end, we test if forward‐looking implied betas impound significant pre‐inclusion information that is not embedded in historical betas. The empirical results show that the increase in post‐inclusion implied betas is significantly smaller than the corresponding increase in historical or hybrid betas. In most cases, changes in implied betas show no evidence of excess comovement after S&P 500 index inclusion. Our findings suggest that added stocks experience changes prior to the index addition announcement and this leads to the ‘index inclusion effect’ reported to the literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Jerry Coakley & George Dotsis & Apostolos Kourtis & Dimitris Psychoyios, 2024. "The S&P 500 index inclusion effect: Evidence from the options market," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(1), pages 1157-1171, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:29:y:2024:i:1:p:1157-1171
    DOI: 10.1002/ijfe.2728
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2728
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1002/ijfe.2728?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Liao, Yixin & Coakley, Jerry & Kellard, Neil, 2022. "Index tracking and beta arbitrage effects in comovement," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    2. Adrian Buss & Grigory Vilkov, 2012. "Measuring Equity Risk with Option-implied Correlations," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 25(10), pages 3113-3140.
    3. Ernest N. Biktimirov, 2004. "The Effect of Demand on Stock Prices: Evidence from Index Fund Rebalancing," The Financial Review, Eastern Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 455-472, August.
    4. DeFusco, Richard A & Johnson, Robert R & Zorn, Thomas S, 1990. "The Effect of Executive Stock Option Plans on Stockholders and Bondholders," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 45(2), pages 617-627, June.
    5. Stijn Claessens & Yishay Yafeh, 2013. "Comovement of Newly Added Stocks with National Market Indices: Evidence from Around the World," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 17(1), pages 203-227.
    6. Gurdip Bakshi & Nikunj Kapadia & Dilip Madan, 2003. "Stock Return Characteristics, Skew Laws, and the Differential Pricing of Individual Equity Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 16(1), pages 101-143.
    7. Isidore Masse & Robert Hanrahan & Joseph Kushner & Felice Martinello, 2000. "The effect of additions to or deletions from the TSE 300 Index on Canadian share prices," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 33(2), pages 341-359, May.
    8. Diane K. Denis & John J. McConnell & Alexei V. Ovtchinnikov & Yun Yu, 2003. "S&P 500 Index Additions and Earnings Expectations," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 58(5), pages 1821-1840, October.
    9. Mark Rubinstein., 1994. "Implied Binomial Trees," Research Program in Finance Working Papers RPF-232, University of California at Berkeley.
    10. Shleifer, Andrei, 1986. "Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 41(3), pages 579-590, July.
    11. Suleyman Basak & Anna Pavlova, 2013. "Asset Prices and Institutional Investors," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(5), pages 1728-1758, August.
    12. Jin-Chuan Duan & Jason Wei, 2009. "Systematic Risk and the Price Structure of Individual Equity Options," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(5), pages 1981-2006, May.
    13. Ernest N. Biktimirov & Arnold R. Cowan & Bradford D. Jordan, 2004. "Do Demand Curves for Small Stocks Slope Down?," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 27(2), pages 161-178, June.
    14. DeMiguel, Victor & Plyakha, Yuliya & Uppal, Raman & Vilkov, Grigory, 2013. "Improving Portfolio Selection Using Option-Implied Volatility and Skewness," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 48(6), pages 1813-1845, December.
    15. Jeffrey Wurgler & Ekaterina Zhuravskaya, 2002. "Does Arbitrage Flatten Demand Curves for Stocks?," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 75(4), pages 583-608, October.
    16. Bennett, Benjamin & Stulz, Rene M. & Wang, Zexi, 2020. "Does Joining the S&P 500 Index Hurt Firms?," Working Paper Series 2020-17, Ohio State University, Charles A. Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics.
    17. Hsiu-Lang Chen, 2006. "On Russell index reconstitution," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 409-430, June.
    18. Rainer Baule & Olaf Korn & Sven Saßning, 2016. "Which Beta Is Best? On the Information Content of Option†implied Betas," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 22(3), pages 450-483, June.
    19. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 1993. "Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(1), pages 3-56, February.
    20. Rubinstein, Mark, 1994. "Implied Binomial Trees," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 49(3), pages 771-818, July.
    21. Lynch, Anthony W & Mendenhall, Richard R, 1997. "New Evidence on Stock Price Effects Associated with Changes in the S&P 500 Index," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 70(3), pages 351-383, July.
    22. repec:eme:mfppss:mf-12-2016-0350 is not listed on IDEAS
    23. Vijh, Anand M, 1994. "S&P 500 Trading Strategies and Stock Betas," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 7(1), pages 215-251.
    24. Andrew F. Siegel, 1995. "Measuring Systematic Risk Using Implicit Beta," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 41(1), pages 124-128, January.
    25. Agyei-Ampomah, Sam & Mazouz, Khelifa, 2011. "The comovement of option listed stocks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(8), pages 2056-2069, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Afego, Pyemo N., 2017. "Effects of changes in stock index compositions: A literature survey," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 228-239.
    2. Chen, Haiwei & Ngo, Thanh, 2017. "Leverage-based index revisions: The case of Dow Jones Islamic Market World Index," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 16-34.
    3. Yun, Jooyoung & Kim, Tong S., 2010. "The effect of changes in index constitution: Evidence from the Korean stock market," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 258-269, September.
    4. Barberis, Nicholas & Shleifer, Andrei & Wurgler, Jeffrey, 2005. "Comovement," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 283-317, February.
    5. Chu, Gang & Goodell, John W. & Li, Xiao & Zhang, Yongjie, 2021. "Long-term impacts of index reconstitutions: Evidence from the CSI 300 additions and deletions," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    6. Ernest Biktimirov & Boya Li, 2014. "Asymmetric stock price and liquidity responses to changes in the FTSE SmallCap index," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(1), pages 95-122, January.
    7. Linus Wilson, 2011. "Stock demand curves and TARP returns," Journal of Financial Economic Policy, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 3(3), pages 229-242, August.
    8. Sascha Wilkens & Jens Wimschulte, 2005. "Price and Volume Effects Associated with 2003’s Major Reorganization of German Stock Indices," Financial Markets and Portfolio Management, Springer;Swiss Society for Financial Market Research, vol. 19(1), pages 61-98, June.
    9. Kot, Hung Wan & Leung, Harry K.M. & Tang, Gordon Y.N., 2015. "The long-term performance of index additions and deletions: Evidence from the Hang Seng Index," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 407-420.
    10. Christoffersen, Peter & Jacobs, Kris & Chang, Bo Young, 2013. "Forecasting with Option-Implied Information," Handbook of Economic Forecasting, in: G. Elliott & C. Granger & A. Timmermann (ed.), Handbook of Economic Forecasting, edition 1, volume 2, chapter 0, pages 581-656, Elsevier.
    11. Lim, Terence & Lo, Andrew W. & Merton, Robert C. & Scholes, Myron S., 2006. "The Derivatives Sourcebook," Foundations and Trends(R) in Finance, now publishers, vol. 1(5–6), pages 365-572, April.
    12. Sirio Aramonte & Mohammad R. Jahan-Parvar & Samuel Rosen & John W. Schindler, 2022. "Firm-Specific Risk-Neutral Distributions with Options and CDS," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(9), pages 7018-7033, September.
    13. Kashyap, Anil K & Kovrijnykh, Natalia & Li, Jian & Pavlova, Anna, 2021. "The benchmark inclusion subsidy," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 142(2), pages 756-774.
    14. Schnitzler, Jan, 2018. "S&P 500 inclusions and stock supply," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 341-356.
    15. Ernest N. Biktimirov & Yuanbin Xu, 2019. "Market reactions to changes in the Dow Jones industrial average index," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(5), pages 792-812, May.
    16. Anand M. Vijh & Jiawei (Brooke) Wang, 2022. "Negative returns on addition to the S&P 500 index and positive returns on deletion? New evidence on the attractiveness of S&P 500 versus S&P 400 indexes," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 51(4), pages 1127-1164, December.
    17. Moonsoo Kang & K. G. Viswanathan & Nancy A. White & Edward J. Zychowicz, 2022. "Sustainability Efforts, Index Recognition, and Stock Performance," Springer Books, in: Marielle de Jong & Dan diBartolomeo (ed.), Risks Related to Environmental, Social and Governmental Issues (ESG), pages 45-57, Springer.
    18. Bo-Young Chang & Peter Christoffersen & Kris Jacobs & Gregory Vainberg, 2011. "Option-Implied Measures of Equity Risk," Review of Finance, European Finance Association, vol. 16(2), pages 385-428.
    19. Wang, Chuan & Murgulov, Zoltan & Haman, Janto, 2015. "Impact of changes in the CSI 300 Index constituents," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 24(C), pages 13-33.
    20. Brinkmann, Felix & Korn, Olaf, 2014. "Risk-adjusted option-implied moments," CFR Working Papers 14-07, University of Cologne, Centre for Financial Research (CFR).

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:ijfiec:v:29:y:2024:i:1:p:1157-1171. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1076-9307/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.