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The Return of Typhoid Mary? Immigrant Workers in Nursing Homes

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  • Shefali Milczarek‐Desai
  • Tara Sklar

Abstract

Nursing homes are dependent on immigrant, female labor as nursing aides, yet these workers are provided with minimal employment benefits, which has led to devastating consequences for vulnerable, older residents during COVID‐19. Emerging research suggests that aides are contributors to the increase in coronavirus outbreaks due to working in multiple long‐term care facilities and refer to these individuals as “superspreaders.” Specifically, aides have been tied to unwittingly passing on the virus as they may be asymptomatic or pressured to work by employers while symptomatic with limited access to paid sick leave. The plight of these women harkens back to “Typhoid Mary”—also a poor, immigrant woman who was accused of spreading typhoid fever a century ago. This article applies lessons learned from Mary's shocking and tragic trajectory, then employs critical race theory and feminist jurisprudence to highlight examples of structural and institutional disparities that exist in current paid sick leave laws. Recommendations call for improved oversight in delivery of quality and safety in long‐term care by addressing racial, gender, and economic inequalities through paid sick leave laws coupled with strong enforcement. Los hogares de ancianos dependen de la mano de obra femenina inmigrante como auxiliares de enfermería, sin embargo, estos trabajadores reciben beneficios laborales mínimos, lo que ha tenido consecuencias devastadoras para los residentes mayores vulnerables durante el COVID‐19. La investigación emergente sugiere que los asistentes contribuyen al aumento de los brotes de coronavirus debido al trabajo en múltiples instalaciones de atención a largo plazo y se refieren a estas personas como “superpropagadores”. Específicamente, los asistentes han estado vinculados a la transmisión involuntaria del virus, ya que pueden ser asintomáticos o presionados para trabajar por los empleadores mientras tienen síntomas y tienen acceso limitado a la licencia por enfermedad con goce de sueldo. La difícil situación de estas mujeres se remonta a “Typhoid Mary”, también una mujer pobre e inmigrante que fue acusada de propagar la fiebre tifoidea hace un siglo. Este artículo aplica las lecciones aprendidas de la impactante y trágica trayectoria de Mary, luego emplea la teoría crítica de la raza y la jurisprudencia feminista para resaltar ejemplos de disparidades estructurales e institucionales que existen en las leyes actuales de licencia por enfermedad remunerada. Las recomendaciones piden una mejor supervisión en la prestación de calidad y seguridad en la atención a largo plazo al abordar las desigualdades raciales, de género y económicas a través de leyes de licencia por enfermedad pagadas junto con una estricta aplicación. 疗养院依靠移民女性劳动力作为护理助手,然而这些员工却获得最低的就业利益,导致2019冠状病毒病期间脆弱的老年居民遭受破坏性结果。新兴研究暗示,护理助手对病毒爆发作贡献,因为前者在多个长期护理设施中工作,研究还将这些个体称为“超级传播者”。具体而言,护理助手无意地传播病毒,因为他们可能没有症状,或在雇主压力下工作的同时出现症状但没有足够的带薪病假。这些女性的困境让人联想到“伤寒玛丽”,她也是一名贫穷的妇女,100年前被指责传播伤寒。本文应用了从伤寒玛丽惊人且悲剧性经历轨迹中得出的经验,随后使用批判性种族理论和女性主义法律,强调当前带薪病假法中存在的结构性差异和制度性差异。本文提出建议,呼吁通过带薪病假法和强有力的法律执行,以应对种族、性别和经济方面的不平等,进而在长期护理的质量和安全交付过程中提高监管。

Suggested Citation

  • Shefali Milczarek‐Desai & Tara Sklar, 2021. "The Return of Typhoid Mary? Immigrant Workers in Nursing Homes," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3), pages 175-198, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:175-198
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.1.3.7
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    1. Sara A. Quandt & Natalie J. LaMonto & Dana C. Mora & Jennifer W. Talton & Paul J. Laurienti & Thomas A. Arcury, 2020. "COVID-19 Pandemic among Latinx Farmworker and Nonfarmworker Families in North Carolina: Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, and Preventive Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Kumar, S. & Grefenstette, J.J. & Galloway, D. & Albert, S.M. & Burke, D.S., 2013. "Policies to reduce influenza in the workplace: Impact assessments using an agent-based model," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(8), pages 1406-1411.
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