IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/eldpol/v1y2021i3p175-198.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Return of Typhoid Mary? Immigrant Workers in Nursing Homes

Author

Listed:
  • Shefali Milczarek‐Desai
  • Tara Sklar

Abstract

Nursing homes are dependent on immigrant, female labor as nursing aides, yet these workers are provided with minimal employment benefits, which has led to devastating consequences for vulnerable, older residents during COVID‐19. Emerging research suggests that aides are contributors to the increase in coronavirus outbreaks due to working in multiple long‐term care facilities and refer to these individuals as “superspreaders.” Specifically, aides have been tied to unwittingly passing on the virus as they may be asymptomatic or pressured to work by employers while symptomatic with limited access to paid sick leave. The plight of these women harkens back to “Typhoid Mary”—also a poor, immigrant woman who was accused of spreading typhoid fever a century ago. This article applies lessons learned from Mary's shocking and tragic trajectory, then employs critical race theory and feminist jurisprudence to highlight examples of structural and institutional disparities that exist in current paid sick leave laws. Recommendations call for improved oversight in delivery of quality and safety in long‐term care by addressing racial, gender, and economic inequalities through paid sick leave laws coupled with strong enforcement. Los hogares de ancianos dependen de la mano de obra femenina inmigrante como auxiliares de enfermería, sin embargo, estos trabajadores reciben beneficios laborales mínimos, lo que ha tenido consecuencias devastadoras para los residentes mayores vulnerables durante el COVID‐19. La investigación emergente sugiere que los asistentes contribuyen al aumento de los brotes de coronavirus debido al trabajo en múltiples instalaciones de atención a largo plazo y se refieren a estas personas como “superpropagadores”. Específicamente, los asistentes han estado vinculados a la transmisión involuntaria del virus, ya que pueden ser asintomáticos o presionados para trabajar por los empleadores mientras tienen síntomas y tienen acceso limitado a la licencia por enfermedad con goce de sueldo. La difícil situación de estas mujeres se remonta a “Typhoid Mary”, también una mujer pobre e inmigrante que fue acusada de propagar la fiebre tifoidea hace un siglo. Este artículo aplica las lecciones aprendidas de la impactante y trágica trayectoria de Mary, luego emplea la teoría crítica de la raza y la jurisprudencia feminista para resaltar ejemplos de disparidades estructurales e institucionales que existen en las leyes actuales de licencia por enfermedad remunerada. Las recomendaciones piden una mejor supervisión en la prestación de calidad y seguridad en la atención a largo plazo al abordar las desigualdades raciales, de género y económicas a través de leyes de licencia por enfermedad pagadas junto con una estricta aplicación. 疗养院依靠移民女性劳动力作为护理助手,然而这些员工却获得最低的就业利益,导致2019冠状病毒病期间脆弱的老年居民遭受破坏性结果。新兴研究暗示,护理助手对病毒爆发作贡献,因为前者在多个长期护理设施中工作,研究还将这些个体称为“超级传播者”。具体而言,护理助手无意地传播病毒,因为他们可能没有症状,或在雇主压力下工作的同时出现症状但没有足够的带薪病假。这些女性的困境让人联想到“伤寒玛丽”,她也是一名贫穷的妇女,100年前被指责传播伤寒。本文应用了从伤寒玛丽惊人且悲剧性经历轨迹中得出的经验,随后使用批判性种族理论和女性主义法律,强调当前带薪病假法中存在的结构性差异和制度性差异。本文提出建议,呼吁通过带薪病假法和强有力的法律执行,以应对种族、性别和经济方面的不平等,进而在长期护理的质量和安全交付过程中提高监管。

Suggested Citation

  • Shefali Milczarek‐Desai & Tara Sklar, 2021. "The Return of Typhoid Mary? Immigrant Workers in Nursing Homes," Journal of Elder Policy, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 1(3), pages 175-198, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:175-198
    DOI: 10.18278/jep.1.3.7
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://doi.org/10.18278/jep.1.3.7
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.18278/jep.1.3.7?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sara A. Quandt & Natalie J. LaMonto & Dana C. Mora & Jennifer W. Talton & Paul J. Laurienti & Thomas A. Arcury, 2020. "COVID-19 Pandemic among Latinx Farmworker and Nonfarmworker Families in North Carolina: Knowledge, Risk Perceptions, and Preventive Behaviors," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Kumar, S. & Grefenstette, J.J. & Galloway, D. & Albert, S.M. & Burke, D.S., 2013. "Policies to reduce influenza in the workplace: Impact assessments using an agent-based model," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 103(8), pages 1406-1411.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Richard, Sébastien & Skagen, Kristian & Pedersen, Kjeld Møller & Huver, Benjamin, 2017. "Assessing the Propensity for Presenteeism with Sickness Absence Data," DaCHE discussion papers 2017:1, University of Southern Denmark, Dache - Danish Centre for Health Economics.
    2. Marissa G Baker & Trevor K Peckham & Noah S Seixas, 2020. "Estimating the burden of United States workers exposed to infection or disease: A key factor in containing risk of COVID-19 infection," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(4), pages 1-8, April.
    3. Thomas A. Arcury & Sydney A. Smith & Jennifer W. Talton & Sara A. Quandt, 2022. "The Abysmal Organization of Work and Work Safety Culture Experienced by North Carolina Latinx Women in Farmworker Families," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Svetlana Lakiša & Linda Matisāne & Inese Gobiņa & Hans Orru & Ivars Vanadziņš, 2022. "Sickness Presenteeism among Employees Having Workplace Conflicts—Results from Pooled Analyses in Latvia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-12, August.
    5. Zelalem Mengesha & Esther Alloun & Danielle Weber & Mitchell Smith & Patrick Harris, 2022. "“Lived the Pandemic Twice”: A Scoping Review of the Unequal Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Migrants," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-16, May.
    6. Kim, Namhoon & Mountain, Travis P., 2018. "Do we consider paid sick leave when deciding to get vaccinated?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 198(C), pages 1-6.
    7. Kevin J. A. Thomas, 2024. "Immigrant Status and Hesitancy Toward the Use of Covid-19 Vaccines and Drug Treatments Developed for Children," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 43(1), pages 1-19, February.
    8. Shiran Zhong & Fenglong Ma & Jing Gao & Ling Bian, 2023. "Who Gets the Flu? Individualized Validation of Influenza-like Illness in Urban Spaces," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-16, May.
    9. Hazel Squires & James Chilcott & Ronald Akehurst & Jennifer Burr & Michael P. Kelly, 2016. "A systematic literature review of the key challenges for developing the structure of public health economic models," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 61(3), pages 289-298, April.
    10. Weiwei Zhang & Shiyong Liu & Nathaniel Osgood & Hongli Zhu & Ying Qian & Peng Jia, 2023. "Using simulation modelling and systems science to help contain COVID‐19: A systematic review," Systems Research and Behavioral Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 40(1), pages 207-234, January.
    11. Sobo, Elisa J. & Cervantes, Griselda & Ceballos, Diego A. & McDaniels-Davidson, Corinne, 2022. "Addressing COVID-19 vaccination equity for Hispanic/Latino communities by attending to aguantarismo: A Californian US–Mexico border perspective," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 305(C).
    12. Thomas, Felicity, 2016. "Young people's use of medicines: Pharmaceuticalised governance and illness management within household and school settings," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 165(C), pages 150-158.
    13. Silvia, Chris & Krause, Rachel M., 2016. "Assessing the impact of policy interventions on the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles: An agent-based model," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 96(C), pages 105-118.
    14. Godøy, Anna & Dale-Olsen, Harald, 2018. "Spillovers from gatekeeping – Peer effects in absenteeism," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 167(C), pages 190-204.
    15. Kim, Namhoon & You, Wen, 2018. "Does Paid Sick Leave Induce Welfare Burden?," 2018 Annual Meeting, August 5-7, Washington, D.C. 274174, Agricultural and Applied Economics Association.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:wly:eldpol:v:1:y:2021:i:3:p:175-198. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Wiley Content Delivery (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.