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The Effect of Environmental Risk on the Efficiency of Negotiated Transfer Prices

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  • Markus C. Arnold
  • Robert M. Gillenkirch
  • R. Lynn Hannan

Abstract

This study investigates whether environmental risk affects the efficiency of negotiated transfer prices. We analyze a setting where the buyer faces environmental risk but the seller does not. From the risk‐neutral firm's perspective, the transfer should be made in our setting because the expected value of the buyer's profit is greater than the certain opportunity cost of the seller from the transfer. We develop hypotheses to predict that, as environmental risk increases, it becomes more difficult for buyers and sellers to reach agreement. Such difficulty reduces efficiency in terms of both firm profit and negotiation time. We test our hypotheses via an experiment in which buyer and seller dyads negotiate over the transfer of a resource at six levels of environmental risk. Results show that, as predicted, environmental risk decreases efficiency. Specifically, as environmental risk increases, the frequency of agreement decreases, thereby reducing expected firm profit. Further, environmental risk increases negotiation time for those dyads that are able to reach an agreement. Data suggest that the cause of the decreased efficiency is that buyers and sellers use different reference points for determining a fair transfer price and environmental risk exacerbates the effects of such differences. Incidence du risque environnemental sur l'efficience des prix de cession interne négociés Les auteurs se demandent si le risque environnemental influe sur l'efficience des prix de cession interne négociés. Ils analysent un cas dans lequel l'acheteur, contrairement au vendeur, fait face à un risque environnemental. Du point de vue de l'entreprise neutre à l’égard du risque, la cession devrait être effectuée dans le contexte évoqué, du fait que la valeur prévue du bénéfice qu'en tirera l'acheteur est supérieure au coût d'option que le vendeur a la certitude de devoir assumer. À partir des hypothèses qu'ils formulent, les auteurs posent que la difficulté pour acheteurs et vendeurs de parvenir à une entente augmente à mesure que le risque environnemental croît. Cette difficulté réduit l'efficience sur le plan tant du bénéfice que du temps de négociation des deux sociétés. Les auteurs testent leurs hypothèses en procédant à une expérience dans laquelle les paires acheteur‐vendeur négocient la cession d'une ressource selon six niveaux différents de risque environnemental. Les résultats révèlent que, conformément aux prévisions, le risque environnemental diminue l'efficience. Plus précisément, à mesure que le risque environnemental augmente, la fréquence des ententes diminue, ce qui réduit le bénéfice attendu de la société. Au surplus, le risque environnemental augmente le temps que consacrent à la négociation les paires acheteur‐vendeur qui parviennent à une entente. Selon les données recueillies, il semblerait que la diminution de l'efficience s'explique par le fait qu'acheteurs et vendeurs utilisent des critères de référence différents pour fixer un prix de cession équitable et que le risque environnemental exacerbe les répercussions de ces différences.

Suggested Citation

  • Markus C. Arnold & Robert M. Gillenkirch & R. Lynn Hannan, 2019. "The Effect of Environmental Risk on the Efficiency of Negotiated Transfer Prices," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 36(2), pages 1122-1145, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:36:y:2019:i:2:p:1122-1145
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12450
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    1. R.J. Aumann & S. Hart (ed.), 2002. "Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications," Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, Elsevier, edition 1, volume 3, number 3.
    2. Ausubel, Lawrence M. & Cramton, Peter & Deneckere, Raymond J., 2002. "Bargaining with incomplete information," Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, in: R.J. Aumann & S. Hart (ed.), Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 50, pages 1897-1945, Elsevier.
    3. Babcock, Linda, et al, 1995. "Biased Judgments of Fairness in Bargaining," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 85(5), pages 1337-1343, December.
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    1. Markus Arnold & Florian Elsinger & Frederick W. Rankin, 2021. "The Unintended Consequences of Headquarters’ Involvement in Decentralized Transfer Price Negotiations: Experimental Evidence," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(12), pages 7912-7931, December.

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