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Regional specialization: From the geography of industries to the geography of jobs

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  • Antoine Gervais
  • James R. Markusen
  • Anthony J. Venables

Abstract

Our analysis begins with an empirical investigation of how employment concentration in industries and occupations across regions of the United States has changed over time and how regional specialization has changed. Results show that industry concentration and specialization indices have fallen, while occupation concentration and specialization indices have risen. Using this background as motivation, we develop a model in which the comparative advantage of regions lies in their productivity of supplying functions such as law, finance, advertising and engineering, to multiple sectors. Productivity differences specific to region functions shape the location decisions of industries that use multiple functions and hence determine patterns of regional specialization both in functions and in sectors. A key parameter is the cost of sourcing functions from a different region (fragmentation costs), and we show that a fall in this cost mimics the data: sector concentration and regional specialization fall and function concentration and specialization rise. At high fragmentation costs, regional comparative advantage in sectors determines general equilibrium analogous to a Heckscher–Ohlin model (HO). At low fragmentation costs, comparative advantage in functions drives an equilibrium that has little resemblance to a HO world. Spécialisation régionale : de la géographie des industries à la géographie des emplois. Notre analyse commence par une enquête empirique de l'évolution au fil du temps de la concentration des emplois dans les industries et les professions dans l'ensemble des régions des États‐Unis ainsi que de la modification de la spécialisation régionale. Les résultats démontrent que les indices de concentration et de spécialisation industrielles ont chuté, alors que les indices de concentration et de spécialisation des professions ont augmenté. À partir de ce constat, nous mettons au point un modèle où l'avantage comparatif des régions repose sur leur capacité à offrir des services comme le droit, les finances, la publicité et l'ingénierie à divers secteurs. Les différences de capacité des régions à offrir ces services façonnent les décisions relatives à l'emplacement des industries qui utilisent plusieurs services et déterminent donc les schémas de spécialisation régionale des services et des secteurs. Le coût lié à l'obtention de services dans une autre région (coûts de la fragmentation) et un paramètre clé, et nous démontrons qu'une chute de ce coût imite les données: la concentration sectorielle et la spécialisation régionale chutent alors que la concentration et la spécialisation des services augmentent. Lorsque le coût de la fragmentation est élevé, l'avantage comparatif régional dans certains secteurs détermine l'équilibre général, comme dans un modèle Heckscher‐Ohlin. Lorsque le coût de la fragmentation est faible, l'avantage comparatif des services stimule un équilibre qui ressemble peu au modèle de Heckscher‐Ohlin.

Suggested Citation

  • Antoine Gervais & James R. Markusen & Anthony J. Venables, 2024. "Regional specialization: From the geography of industries to the geography of jobs," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 57(4), pages 1236-1264, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:57:y:2024:i:4:p:1236-1264
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12747
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