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The empirical effects of competition on third‐degree price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage

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  • Andre Boik

Abstract

Since Borenstein and Holmes, a theoretical and empirical literature has emerged that examines the effects of competition on third‐degree price discrimination. Since transaction costs involved in conducting arbitrage are typically unobserved, empirical investigations in this area have largely been restricted to markets such as for air travel where arbitrage is difficult, if not impossible. Using an entirely novel dataset, this paper documents the effect of competition on price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage in the Canadian online sports betting market where prices for Canadian teams are higher than in the world market. I observe how the prices of Canadian teams change in real time in response to the presence of arbitrageurs that establish Canadian sportsbooks’ observable marginal opportunity costs. I exploit the existence of government betting outlets not subject to arbitrage to obtain reduced form counterfactual estimates of the extent to which competition affects price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage. In this new empirical environment, I find results consistent with the airline literature: competition reduces overall price dispersion and markups, but dispersion and markups shrink more for those in the “strong” market than the “weak” market. Les effets empiriques de la concurrence sur la discrimination par les prix de troisième type quand il y a arbitrage. Depuis les travaux de Bernstein (1985) et Holmes une littérature théorique et empirique a émergé qui examine les effets de la concurrence sur la discrimination par les prix de troisième type. Puisque les coûts de transaction impliqués dans les opérations d’arbitrage sont typiquement invisibles, les enquêtes empiriques dans ce domaine ont généralement porté sur des marchés restreints comme ceux des billets d’avion où l’arbitrage est difficile sinon impossible. En utilisant une base de données inédites, ce mémoire documente l’effet de la concurrence sur la discrimination par les prix quand il y a arbitrage dans le marché canadien des paris en ligne sur les résultats de certaines activités sportives où les prix des mises sur les équipes canadiennes au Canada sont plus élevés que dans le marché mondial. L’auteur observe que le prix des mises sur les équipes canadiennes change en temps réel en réponse à la présence d’opérations d’arbitrage qui établissent des coûts marginaux alternatifs observables pour des mises sur les équipes canadiennes. L’auteur utilise l’existence de preneurs aux livres gouvernementaux qui ne sont pas sujets à l’arbitrage pour obtenir des formes réduites d’estimations hypothétiques ou contrefactuelles de l’ampleur de l’effet de la concurence sur la discrimination par les prix en conséquence de l’arbitrage. Dans ce nouvel environnement empirique, on obtient des résultats qui s’arriment à ceux obtenus dans la littérature sur les billets d’avion: la concurrence réduit la dispersion générale des prix et des marges bénéficiaires, mais ces dispersions et marges bénéficiaires se compriment davantage dans les marchés forts que dans les marchés faibles.

Suggested Citation

  • Andre Boik, 2017. "The empirical effects of competition on third‐degree price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 50(4), pages 1023-1036, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:50:y:2017:i:4:p:1023-1036
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12285
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Adachi, Takanori, 2023. "A sufficient statistics approach for welfare analysis of oligopolistic third‐degree price discrimination," International Journal of Industrial Organization, Elsevier, vol. 86(C).

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