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Substitution Is in the Variance: Resources and Foreign Policy Choice

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  • David H. Clark
  • Timothy Nordstrom
  • William Reed

Abstract

This article argues that foreign policy substitution arises as a result of the costs of foreign policies relative to state resources. States with few resources are constrained in foreign policy choice compared to states with an abundance of resources. As a result, states with few resources will, on average, select, lower‐cost policies than will resource‐rich states. Resource‐rich states, by virtue of their abundant resources, have greater discretion over policy choice and thus behave less uniformly than do resource‐poor states. Our empirical results provide evidence of this and support the argument that substitution is in the variance.

Suggested Citation

  • David H. Clark & Timothy Nordstrom & William Reed, 2008. "Substitution Is in the Variance: Resources and Foreign Policy Choice," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 52(4), pages 763-773, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:amposc:v:52:y:2008:i:4:p:763-773
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00341.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David H. Clark & William Reed, 2005. "The Strategic Sources of Foreign Policy Substitution," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 49(3), pages 609-624, July.
    2. Drezner,Daniel W., 1999. "The Sanctions Paradox," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521644150, October.
    3. Drezner,Daniel W., 1999. "The Sanctions Paradox," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521643320, October.
    4. D. Scott Bennett & Allan C. Stam, 2000. "Eugene : A conceptual manual," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(2), pages 179-204, March.
    5. Franklin, Charles H., 1991. "Eschewing Obfuscation? Campaigns and the Perception of U.S. Senate Incumbents," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 85(4), pages 1193-1214, December.
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    4. Molly M. Melin, 2015. "Escalation in international conflict management: A foreign policy perspective," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 32(1), pages 28-49, February.
    5. Kobayashi, Yoshiharu & Howell, Christopher & Heinrich, Tobias & Motta, Matthew, 2022. "Investigating how historical legacies of militarized violence can motivate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: Evidence from global dyadic survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 311(C).

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