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Variable Annuities with VIX-Linked Fee Structure under a Heston-Type Stochastic Volatility Model

Author

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  • Zhenyu Cui
  • Runhuan Feng
  • Anne MacKay

Abstract

The Chicago Board of Options Exchange (CBOE) advocates linking variable annuity (VA) fees to its trademark VIX index in a recent white paper. It claims that the VIX-linked fee structure has several advantages over the traditional fixed percentage fee structure. However, the evidence presented is largely based on nonparametric extrapolation of historical data on market prices. Our work lays out a theoretical basis with a parametric model to analyze the impact of the VIX-linked fee structure and to verify some claims from the CBOE. In a Heston-type stochastic volatility setting, we jointly model the dynamics of an equity index (underlying the value of VA policyholders’ accounts) and the VIX index. In this framework, we price a guaranteed minimum maturity benefit with VIX-linked fees. Through numerical examples, we show that the VIX-linked fee reduces the sensitivity of the insurer's liability to market volatility when compared to a VA with the traditional fixed fee rate.

Suggested Citation

  • Zhenyu Cui & Runhuan Feng & Anne MacKay, 2017. "Variable Annuities with VIX-Linked Fee Structure under a Heston-Type Stochastic Volatility Model," North American Actuarial Journal, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(3), pages 458-483, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:uaajxx:v:21:y:2017:i:3:p:458-483
    DOI: 10.1080/10920277.2017.1307765
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Charles Guy Njike Leunga & Donatien Hainaut, 2022. "Valuation of Annuity Guarantees Under a Self-Exciting Switching Jump Model," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 963-990, June.
    2. Huang, Yiming & Mamon, Rogemar & Xiong, Heng, 2022. "Valuing guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits by a change of numéraire approach," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 103(C), pages 1-26.
    3. David Landriault & Bin Li & Dongchen Li & Yumin Wang, 2021. "High‐water mark fee structure in variable annuities," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 88(4), pages 1057-1094, December.
    4. Philippe Artzner & Karl-Theodor Eisele & Thorsten Schmidt, 2020. "Insurance-Finance Arbitrage," Papers 2005.11022, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2022.
    5. Chen, An & Guillen, Montserrat & Rach, Manuel, 2021. "Fees in tontines," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 89-106.
    6. Michael A. Kouritzin & Anne MacKay, 2017. "VIX-linked fees for GMWBs via Explicit Solution Simulation Methods," Papers 1708.06886, arXiv.org, revised Apr 2018.
    7. Philippe ARTZNER & Karl-Theodor EISELE & Thorsten SCHMIDT, 2022. "Insurance-Finance Arbitrage," Working Papers of LaRGE Research Center 2022-09, Laboratoire de Recherche en Gestion et Economie (LaRGE), Université de Strasbourg.
    8. Anne Mackay & Marie-Claude Vachon, 2023. "On an Optimal Stopping Problem with a Discontinuous Reward," Papers 2311.03538, arXiv.org, revised Nov 2023.
    9. Kouritzin, Michael A. & MacKay, Anne, 2018. "VIX-linked fees for GMWBs via explicit solution simulation methods," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 1-17.
    10. Rupak Chatterjee & Zhenyu Cui & Jiacheng Fan & Mingzhe Liu, 2018. "An efficient and stable method for short maturity Asian options," Journal of Futures Markets, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 38(12), pages 1470-1486, December.
    11. Wang, Gu & Zou, Bin, 2021. "Optimal fee structure of variable annuities," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 101(PB), pages 587-601.
    12. Daniel Bauer & Thorsten Moenig, 2023. "Cheaper by the bundle: The interaction of frictions and option exercise in variable annuities," Journal of Risk & Insurance, The American Risk and Insurance Association, vol. 90(2), pages 459-486, June.
    13. Wing Fung Chong & Haoen Cui & Yuxuan Li, 2021. "Pseudo-Model-Free Hedging for Variable Annuities via Deep Reinforcement Learning," Papers 2107.03340, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2022.
    14. Feng, Runhuan & Yi, Bingji, 2019. "Quantitative modeling of risk management strategies: Stochastic reserving and hedging of variable annuity guaranteed benefits," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 85(C), pages 60-73.
    15. Zhenyu Cui & Anne MacKay & Marie-Claude Vachon, 2022. "Analysis of VIX-linked fee incentives in variable annuities via continuous-time Markov chain approximation," Papers 2207.14793, arXiv.org.
    16. Bégin, Jean-François, 2020. "Levelling the playing field: A VIX-linked structure for funded pension schemes," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 58-78.
    17. Anne MacKay & Adriana Ocejo, 2022. "Portfolio Optimization With a Guaranteed Minimum Maturity Benefit and Risk-Adjusted Fees," Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability, Springer, vol. 24(2), pages 1021-1049, June.
    18. Jin Sun & Pavel V. Shevchenko & Man Chung Fung, 2018. "The Impact of Management Fees on the Pricing of Variable Annuity Guarantees," Risks, MDPI, vol. 6(3), pages 1-20, September.

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