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Cooperation, co-optation, competition, conflict: international bureaucracies and non-governmental organizations in an interdependent world

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  • Tana Johnson

Abstract

International bureaucrats employed in inter-governmental organizations (IGOs) have a stake in the solidification and expansion of traditional global governance structures. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often are thought to be threats to IGOs. But international bureaucracies regularly seek cooperation with NGOs that can help in ‘cross-national layering’: the creation of formal or informal international institutions that overlay domestic institutions, seeking to replace or subsume them over time. This article develops a ‘4Cs taxonomy’ in which shared/unshared resource bases and shared/unshared values translate into cooperative, co-optative, competitive, or conflictual relations between NGOs and international bureaucracies. It then examines the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) over a 70-year period, showing how different mixes of resources and values help to explain why FAO bureaucrats have cycled through different relationships with NGOs. This exemplifies themes of the New Interdependence Approach: (1) the forces of globalization and interdependence create openings for transnational alliances among non-state actors; (2) continued globalization takes place not in a state of anarchy, but in an environment of overlapping responsibilities or principles; and (3) institutions go beyond being ‘rules of the game’ and can be drivers of power shifts in domestic and international affairs.

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  • Tana Johnson, 2016. "Cooperation, co-optation, competition, conflict: international bureaucracies and non-governmental organizations in an interdependent world," Review of International Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(5), pages 737-767, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rripxx:v:23:y:2016:i:5:p:737-767
    DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2016.1217902
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Anonymous, 1959. "Food and Agriculture Organization," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 13(3), pages 464-464, July.
    2. Anonymous, 1965. "Food and Agriculture Organization," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(1), pages 112-120, January.
    3. Anonymous, 1963. "Food and Agriculture Organization," International Organization, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(1), pages 261-266, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thomas Hickmann & Joshua Philipp Elsässer, 0. "New alliances in global environmental governance: how intergovernmental treaty secretariats interact with non-state actors to address transboundary environmental problems," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 0, pages 1-23.
    2. Thomas Hickmann & Joshua Philipp Elsässer, 2020. "New alliances in global environmental governance: how intergovernmental treaty secretariats interact with non-state actors to address transboundary environmental problems," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 459-481, September.
    3. Jean-Frédéric Morin, 2020. "Concentration despite competition: The organizational ecology of technical assistance providers," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 75-107, January.
    4. Thomas Dörfler & Mirko Heinzel, 2023. "Greening global governance: INGO secretariats and environmental mainstreaming of IOs, 1950 to 2017," The Review of International Organizations, Springer, vol. 18(1), pages 117-143, January.
    5. C. Randall Henning, 2019. "Regime Complexity and the Institutions of Crisis and Development Finance," Development and Change, International Institute of Social Studies, vol. 50(1), pages 24-45, January.
    6. Linda Mederake & Barbara Saerbeck & Alexandra Goritz & Helge Jörgens & Mareike Well & Nina Kolleck, 2022. "Cultivated ties and strategic communication: do international environmental secretariats tailor information to increase their bureaucratic reputation?," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 481-506, September.

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