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What drives plan implementation? Plans, planning agencies and developers

Author

Listed:
  • Lucie Laurian
  • Maxine Day
  • Michael Backhurst
  • Philip Berke
  • Neil Ericksen
  • Jan Crawford
  • Jenny Dixon
  • Sarah Chapman

Abstract

This article investigates the determinants of plan implementation by applying a recently-developed Plan Implementation Evaluation methodology. The lack of methodology to assess the implementation of plans has so far precluded any systematic analysis of the determinants of the implementation of local environmental plans. The article focuses on the implementation of plans in New Zealand. The key factors of implementation are: the quality of the plan; the capacity and commitment of land developers to implement plans; the capacity and commitment of the staff and leadership of planning agencies to implement plans; and the interactions between developers and the agency. The analysis is based on 353 permits implementing six local environmental plans in New Zealand, and on surveys of the developers who obtained the permits and of the planning agencies that granted the permits. The analysis finds that plan implementation is mainly driven by the resources of the planning agencies and by the quality of the plans, rather than by the characteristics of developers. Investments in plan writing and agency and staff capacity building thus improve the implementation of plans in the long-run.

Suggested Citation

  • Lucie Laurian & Maxine Day & Michael Backhurst & Philip Berke & Neil Ericksen & Jan Crawford & Jenny Dixon & Sarah Chapman, 2004. "What drives plan implementation? Plans, planning agencies and developers," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(4), pages 555-577.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jenpmg:v:47:y:2004:i:4:p:555-577
    DOI: 10.1080/0964056042000243230
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    Cited by:

    1. Jung Eun Kang & D.K. Yoon & Jinyoung Rhee, 2017. "Factors contributing to business actions in response to climate change in Korea," Journal of Risk Research, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(3), pages 385-403, March.
    2. Liu, Wen & Beattie, Lee & Haarhoff, Errol, 2021. "Outcome-focused plan discretion for facilitating residential intensification: Exploring the insights and experience of property developers and planners," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    3. Woodruff, Sierra & Bae, Jinhyun & Sohn, Wonmin & Newman, Galen & Tran, Tho & Lee, Jessica & Wilkins, Chandler & Van Zandt, Shannon & Ndubisi, Forster, 2022. "Planning, development pressure, and change in green infrastructure quantity and configuration in coastal Texas," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    4. te Boveldt, Geert & Keseru, Imre & Macharis, Cathy, 2022. "When monetarisation and ranking are not appropriate. A novel stakeholder-based appraisal method," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Elsevier, vol. 156(C), pages 192-205.
    5. Hussain, Zahid & Nadeem, Obaidullah, 2021. "The nexus between growth strategies of master plans and spatial dynamics of a metropolitan city: The case of Lahore, Pakistan," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    6. Jianwei Li & Guo'ao Li & Jingang Li & Aoran Liu, 2022. "Integrating conformance and performance for the evaluation of urban planning implementation from a goal-oriented perspective," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 49(2), pages 737-753, February.
    7. Liu, Tao & Huang, Daquan & Tan, Xin & Kong, Fanhao, 2020. "Planning consistency and implementation in urbanizing China: Comparing urban and land use plans in suburban Beijing," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    8. Dalit Shach-Pinsly & Hadas Shadar, 2024. "The Public Open Space Quality in a Rural Village and an Urban Neighborhood: A Re-Examination after Decades," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(18), pages 1-20, September.
    9. Kim Maund & Thayaparan Gajendran & Graham Brewer, 2018. "Key Issues for Implementation of Environmental Planning Policy: Construction Management Practice," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-13, June.
    10. Ward Lyles & Philip Berke & Gavin Smith, 2016. "Local plan implementation: assessing conformance and influence of local plans in the United States," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 43(2), pages 381-400, March.
    11. Mark C Smith, 2018. "Revisiting implementation theory: An interdisciplinary comparison between urban planning and healthcare implementation research," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 36(5), pages 877-896, August.
    12. Samuel Brody & Jung Kang & Sarah Bernhardt, 2010. "Identifying factors influencing flood mitigation at the local level in Texas and Florida: the role of organizational capacity," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 52(1), pages 167-184, January.
    13. Guan Li & Liping Wang & Cifang Wu & Zhongguo Xu & Yuefei Zhuo & Xiaoqiang Shen, 2022. "Spatial Planning Implementation Effectiveness: Review and Research Prospects," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    14. Oliveira, Eduardo & Hersperger, Anna M., 2018. "Governance arrangements, funding mechanisms and power configurations in current practices of strategic spatial plan implementation," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 623-633.
    15. Garfield Wayne Hunter & Daniele Vettorato & Gideon Sagoe, 2018. "Creating Smart Energy Cities for Sustainability through Project Implementation: A Case Study of Bolzano, Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-29, June.
    16. Muñoz Gielen, Demetrio & Mualam, Nir, 2019. "A framework for analyzing the effectiveness and efficiency of land readjustment regulations: Comparison of Germany, Spain and Israel," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    17. Guan Li & Zhongguo Xu & Cifang Wu & Yuefei Zhuo & Xinhua Tong & Yanfei Wei & Xiaoqiang Shen, 2019. "Inside or Outside? The Impact Factors of Zoning–Land Use Mismatch," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-25, December.
    18. Fernandes, João Paulo, 2019. "Developing viable, adjustable strategies for planning and management—A methodological approach," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 563-572.
    19. Nataly Escobedo Garcia & Nicola Ulibarri, 2022. "Plan writing as a policy tool: instrumental, conceptual, and tactical uses of water management plans in California," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 12(3), pages 475-489, September.
    20. Miaoxi Zhao & Yuexi Yao & Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta, 2023. "Reflection on Guangzhou’s Strategic Spatial Planning: Current Status, Conflicts, and Dilemmas," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-21, October.

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