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Debt Burden, Military Spending And Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis

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  • Abdullahi D. Ahmed

Abstract

This article empirically explores the relationship between military expenditure, external debts and economic performance in the economies of sub-Saharan Africa using a sample of 25 countries from 1988--2007. In investigating the defence--external debt nexus, we employ three advanced panel techniques of fully modified OLS (FMOLS), Dynamic OLS (DOLS) and dynamic fixed effect (DFE) to estimate our model. We observe that military expenditure has a positive and significant impact on external debt in African countries. Real GDP affects the total debt stock of African countries with a negative relationship. Our empirical results based on long-run elasticities show that a 1% rise in national output leads to a decline in external debt by 1.52%, on average. Policy-wise, the study suggests that African countries need to strengthen areas of fiscal responsibility and pursue models that encourage rational spending, particularly reductions in military expenditure.

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  • Abdullahi D. Ahmed, 2012. "Debt Burden, Military Spending And Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(5), pages 485-506, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:defpea:v:23:y:2012:i:5:p:485-506
    DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2011.627163
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    Cited by:

    1. Bilal Mehmood & Syed Hassan Raza & Rizwan Baqar, 2015. "Defence, Debt and Democracy: The 3D in South Asia," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 3(7), pages 312-319, July.
    2. Raul Caruso & Marco Di Domizio, 2017. "Military spending and budget deficits: the impact of US military spending on public debt in Europe (1988–2013)," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(5), pages 534-549, September.
    3. Ullah, Assad & Zhao, Xinshun & Kamal, Muhammad Abdul & Zheng, JiaJia, 2020. "Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 554(C).
    4. Saba Charles Shaaba, 2021. "Convergence or Divergence Patterns in Global Defence Spending: Further Evidence from a Nonlinear Single Factor Model," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 27(1), pages 51-90, February.
    5. Ilhèm Gargouri & Majdi Ksantini, 2016. "The Determinants Of Public Debt," Romanian Economic Journal, Department of International Business and Economics from the Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, vol. 18(59), pages 111-124, March.
    6. Saungweme, Talknice & Odhiambo, Nicholas M, 2019. "Relative impact of domestic and foreign public debt on economic growth in South Africa," Working Papers 25664, University of South Africa, Department of Economics.
    7. Raaj Kishore Biswas & Enamul Kabir & Refat Bin Reza Rafi, 2019. "Investment in Research and Development Compared to Military Expenditure: Is Research Worthwhile?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(7), pages 846-857, November.
    8. Charles Shaaba Saba & Nicholas Ngepah, 2022. "Nexus between defence spending, economic growth and development: evidence from a disaggregated panel data analysis," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 109-151, February.
    9. Zhang, Xiaoyan & Chang, Tsangyao & Su, Chi-Wei & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2016. "Revisit causal nexus between military spending and debt: A panel causality test," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 52(PB), pages 939-944.
    10. Suzanna-Maria Paleologou, 2013. "A Dynamic Panel Data Model For Analyzing The Relationship Between Military Expenditure And Government Debt In The Eu," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(5), pages 419-428, October.
    11. Gitana Dudzevičiūtė & Vida Česnuitytė & Dalia Prakapienė, 2021. "Defence Expenditure–Government Debt Nexus in the Context of Sustainability in Selected Small European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    12. Themba G. Chirwa & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2019. "The nexus between key macroeconomic determinants and economic growth in Zambia: a dynamic multivariate Granger causality linkage," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(1), pages 301-327, July.
    13. Tsangyao Chang & Chien-Chiang Lee & Hsiao-Ping Chu, 2015. "Revisiting the Defense-Growth nexus in European countries," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 26(3), pages 341-356, June.
    14. Saungweme, Talknice & Odhiambo, Nicholas M., 2020. "The Impact of Domestic and Foreign Public Debt on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Zimbabwe," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 73(1), pages 77-106.
    15. Sotirios K. Bellos, 2017. "The Relationship between Military Expenditure and Certain Growth and Development Related Variables in Transition Economies: A Panel Data Analysis," Applied Economics and Finance, Redfame publishing, vol. 4(5), pages 31-44, September.
    16. Mubariz Mammadli & Elkhan Richard Sadik-Zada & Andrea Gatto & Rana Huseynova, 2021. "What Drives Public Debt Growth? A Focus on Natural Resources, Sustainability and Development," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 11(5), pages 614-621.
    17. Agnieszka Kozera & Aldona Standar & Łukasz Satoła, 2020. "Managing Rural Areas in the Context of the Growing Debt of Polish Local Government Units," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 10(9), pages 1-25, August.
    18. Ulrich M. Ekouala, 2023. "The role of socio‐political factors in public debt accumulation: Evidence from CEMAC countries," International Studies of Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(3), pages 306-325, September.
    19. Pempetzoglou Maria, 2021. "A Literature Survey on Defense Expenditures – External Debt Nexus," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 27(1), pages 119-141, February.
    20. Sakiru Adebola Solarin, 2017. "Disaggregated military expenditure and the debt level in Nigeria," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 1687-1705, July.

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