IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/ijr/journl/v3y2015i7p312-319.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Defence, Debt and Democracy: The 3D in South Asia

Author

Listed:
  • Bilal Mehmood

    (Department of Economics, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan)

  • Syed Hassan Raza

    (Department of Economics, NCBAandE, Lahore, Pakistan.)

  • Rizwan Baqar

    (Department of Economics, University of The Punjab, Pakistan.)

Abstract

Purpose: South Asian countries are not only ranked as power countries but are also prone to inter and intra country contentions along with political instability. This paper empirically examines the role of defence expenditure and democracy in determining external debt for five South Asian countries. We scrutinized the long run relationship by using large time dimension data from 1972 to 2013 for the selected sample of Asian countries with appropriate variables. Methodology: Econometric precision is fetched by using pooled mean group (PMG) along with mean group (MG), dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) among others. Findings: The results confirm the presence of long run relationship between military expenditures and external debt, whereas, there exist a negative relationship between democracy and external debt. Recommendations: Policy recommendations are made on the basis of empirical results.

Suggested Citation

  • Bilal Mehmood & Syed Hassan Raza & Rizwan Baqar, 2015. "Defence, Debt and Democracy: The 3D in South Asia," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 3(7), pages 312-319, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:ijr:journl:v:3:y:2015:i:7:p:312-319
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://tesdo.org/shared/upload/pdf/papers/IJEER,%203_7_,%20312-319%20.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: http://tesdo.org/journal_detail.php?paper_id=173&expand_year=2015
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bilal Mehmood & Syed Hassan Raza & Mahwish Rana & Huma Sohaib & Muhammad Azhar Khan, 2014. "Triangular Relationship between Energy Consumption, Price Index and National Income in Asian Countries: A Pooled Mean Group Approach in Presence of Structural Breaks," International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Econjournals, vol. 4(4), pages 610-620.
    2. Manoel Bittencourt, 2015. "Determinants of Government and External Debt: Evidence from the Young Democracies of South America," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(3), pages 463-472, May.
    3. Rabah Arezki & Markus Brückner, 2012. "Commodity Windfalls, Democracy and External Debt," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 122(561), pages 848-866, June.
    4. J. Paul Dunne a,† & Sam Perlo-Freeman ‡ & Aylin Soydan §, 2004. "Military expenditure and debt in South America," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(2), pages 173-187, April.
    5. Suzanna-Maria Paleologou, 2013. "A Dynamic Panel Data Model For Analyzing The Relationship Between Military Expenditure And Government Debt In The Eu," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(5), pages 419-428, October.
    6. Bilal Mehmood & Parvez Azim & Syed Hassan Raza, 2015. "Reconsidering the Finance-Growth Nexus in Asian Countries: A Panel ARDL Approach," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 3(1), pages 1-5, January.
    7. Bilal Mehmood & Syed Hassan Raza, 2014. "English or German or Both: Recipes for Developing Countries," Public Finance Quarterly, State Audit Office of Hungary, vol. 59(3), pages 346-366.
    8. Abdullahi D. Ahmed, 2012. "Debt Burden, Military Spending And Growth In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Dynamic Panel Data Analysis," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(5), pages 485-506, October.
    9. Lensink, Robert & Hermes, Niels & Murinde, Victor, 1998. "The Effect of Financial Liberalization on Capital Flight in African Economies," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 26(7), pages 1349-1368, July.
    10. Russell Smyth & Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2009. "A Panel Data Analysis of the Military Expenditure-External Debt Nexus: Evidence from Six Middle Eastern Countries," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 46(2), pages 235-250, March.
    11. Bilal Mehmood & Anam Shafique & Rabia Rafaqat, 2014. "Is Solow’s Paradox Absent in World Leading Capital Markets? Econometric Evidence," Romanian Economic Journal, Department of International Business and Economics from the Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, vol. 17(52), pages 45-62, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Waseem Khadim & Saddam Ilyas & Bilal Mehmood, 2016. "Of Inflation and Growth Nexus in BRIMC Economies," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 4(1), pages 32-45, January.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ulrich M. Ekouala, 2023. "The role of socio‐political factors in public debt accumulation: Evidence from CEMAC countries," International Studies of Economics, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 18(3), pages 306-325, September.
    2. Waseem Khadim & Saddam Ilyas & Bilal Mehmood, 2016. "Of Inflation and Growth Nexus in BRIMC Economies," International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research (IJEER), The Economics and Social Development Organization (TESDO), vol. 4(1), pages 32-45, January.
    3. Zhang, Xiaoyan & Chang, Tsangyao & Su, Chi-Wei & Wolde-Rufael, Yemane, 2016. "Revisit causal nexus between military spending and debt: A panel causality test," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 52(PB), pages 939-944.
    4. Sakiru Adebola Solarin, 2017. "Disaggregated military expenditure and the debt level in Nigeria," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(4), pages 1687-1705, July.
    5. Ampofo, Gideon Minua Kwaku & Jinhua, Cheng & Bosah, Philip Chukwunonso & Ayimadu, Edwin Twum & Senadzo, Patrick, 2021. "Nexus between total natural resource rents and public debt in resource-rich countries:A panel data analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 74(C).
    6. Gitana Dudzevičiūtė & Vida Česnuitytė & Dalia Prakapienė, 2021. "Defence Expenditure–Government Debt Nexus in the Context of Sustainability in Selected Small European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-18, June.
    7. Muhammad Shahbaz & Muhammad shahbaz Shabbir & Muhammad sabihuddin Butt, 2016. "Does Military Spending Explode External Debt in Pakistan?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(5), pages 718-741, September.
    8. Ullah, Assad & Zhao, Xinshun & Kamal, Muhammad Abdul & Zheng, JiaJia, 2020. "Modeling the relationship between military spending and stock market development (a) symmetrically in China: An empirical analysis via the NARDL approach," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 554(C).
    9. Wang, Wencheng & Ning, Zinan & Shu, Yang & Riti, Joshua Sunday & Riti, Miriam-Kamah J., 2023. "Natural resource rents and public debts nexus in African resource-rich and most indebted nations: Issues with aggregation bias," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    10. Serap BARIŞ, 2018. "Are defence expenditures the reasons of foreign debts in Turkey?," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(2(615), S), pages 205-220, Summer.
    11. Serkan K n & Serta Hopo lu & G rkan Bozma, 2016. "Conflict, Defense Spending and Economic Growth in the Middle East: A Panel Data Analysis," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 6(1), pages 80-86.
    12. Ilyas, Saddam & Mehmood, Bilal & Aslam, Raees, 2017. "Terrorism and Poverty: Double Trouble for Macroeconomic Performance in African Countries," African Journal of Economic Review, African Journal of Economic Review, vol. 5(1), January.
    13. Majumder, Monoj Kumar & Raghavan, Mala & Vespignani, Joaquin, 2020. "Commodity price volatility, external debt and exchange rate regimes," Working Papers 2020-13, University of Tasmania, Tasmanian School of Business and Economics.
    14. Raul Caruso, 2015. "Beyond deterrence and decline. Towards a general understanding of peace economics," Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, Vita e Pensiero, Pubblicazioni dell'Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, vol. 123(1), pages 57-74.
    15. Pempetzoglou Maria, 2021. "A Literature Survey on Defense Expenditures – External Debt Nexus," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 27(1), pages 119-141, February.
    16. Javier Cifuentes-Faura & Mihaela Simionescu, 2024. "Analyzing the Importance of the Determinants of Public Debt and Its Policy Implications: A Survey of Literature," Public Finance Review, , vol. 52(3), pages 345-375, May.
    17. Khalid ZAMAN & Qazi Shujaat MAHMOOD & Muhammad Mushtaq KHAN & Awais RASHID & Mehboob AHMAD, 2012. "An Empirical Investigation of External Debt - Military Expenditure Nexus in Bangladesh," Economia. Seria Management, Faculty of Management, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania, vol. 15(1), pages 173-188, June.
    18. Raaj Kishore Biswas & Enamul Kabir & Refat Bin Reza Rafi, 2019. "Investment in Research and Development Compared to Military Expenditure: Is Research Worthwhile?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(7), pages 846-857, November.
    19. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Khraief, Naceur & Kumar Mahalik, Mantu & Khan, Saleheen, 2018. "Military Spending Response to Defense Shocks? International Evidence," MPRA Paper 87362, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 12 Jun 2018.
    20. Monoj Kumar Majumder & Mala Valliammai Raghavan & Joaquin L. Vespignani, 2021. "Impact of commodity price volatility on external debt: the role of exchange rate regimes," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 53(57), pages 6626-6640, December.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Defence; Debt; Democracy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H50 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies - - - General
    • H6 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:ijr:journl:v:3:y:2015:i:7:p:312-319. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz (PhD Applied Economics) (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/tesdopk.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.