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The equilibrium relationship among money, income, prices, and interest rates: evidence from a threshold cointegration test

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  • Daiki Maki
  • Shin-ichi Kitasaka

Abstract

The long-run equilibrium relationship among money, income, prices, and interest rates in Japan is investigated by the threshold cointegration test, which allows for asymmetric adjustment, introduced by Enders and Siklos (2001). The threshold cointegration approach provides clear evidence of the cointegration relationship characterized by asymmetric adjustment. By allowing for asymmetric adjustment, results are obtained showing the stability of the money demand function, similar to Lucas (1988), who pointed out that the money demand function is stable if unit income elasticity is imposed. In particular, the estimated results show that the adjustment process toward equilibrium is highly persistent above an appropriately estimated threshold, whereas the adjustment process toward equilibrium quickly converges below it. This finding indicates that deviations from equilibrium resulting from increases in money or decreases in income and prices are highly persistent.

Suggested Citation

  • Daiki Maki & Shin-ichi Kitasaka, 2006. "The equilibrium relationship among money, income, prices, and interest rates: evidence from a threshold cointegration test," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 38(13), pages 1585-1592.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:38:y:2006:i:13:p:1585-1592
    DOI: 10.1080/00036840600597709
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    2. Saafi Sami & Farhat Abdeljelil & Haj Mohamed Meriem Bel, 2015. "Testing the relationships between shadow economy and unemployment: empirical evidence from linear and nonlinear tests," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 19(5), pages 585-608, December.
    3. Chien-Chiang Lee & An-Hsing Chang, 2013. "Revisiting the demand for money function: evidence from the random coefficients approach," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(9), pages 1491-1502, September.
    4. Bassey Nsikan Edet & Solomon Ubong Udo & Okon Ubokudom Etim, 2017. "Modelling the Demand for Money Function in Nigeria: Is There Stability?," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 6(1), pages 45-57, March.
    5. Saten Kumar & Don J. Webber, 2013. "Australasian money demand stability: application of structural break tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(8), pages 1011-1025, March.
    6. Wei Liao & Mr. Sampawende J Tapsoba, 2014. "China’s Monetary Policy and Interest Rate Liberalization: Lessons from International Experiences," IMF Working Papers 2014/075, International Monetary Fund.
    7. Hu, Jin-Li & Lin, Cheng-Hsun, 2008. "Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP in Taiwan: A threshold co-integration analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2342-2358, September.
    8. Kumar, Saten, 2011. "Financial reforms and money demand: Evidence from 20 developing countries," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 323-334, September.
    9. Daiki Maki, 2013. "Detecting cointegration relationships under nonlinear models: Monte Carlo analysis and some applications," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 45(1), pages 605-625, August.
    10. Daiki Maki & Shin-ichi Kitasaka, 2015. "Residual-based tests for cointegration with three-regime TAR adjustment," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 48(3), pages 1013-1054, May.

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