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Antecedents and characteristics of informal relation-based networks in Korea: Yongo , Yonjul and Inmaek

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  • Sven Horak

Abstract

Although there has been a large amount written about Chinese Guanxi networks, a detailed debate concerning Korean informal relation-based networks is by comparison under-represented in the international business literature. This paper introduces and distinguishes between three forms of informal relation-based networks in Korea: (1) Yongo , (2) Yonjul and (3) Inmaek . Inmaek describes a social network in general, while Yongo networks draw primarily on existing kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties. Contrary to Yongo ties, Yonjul ties exist for a purpose, often to secure personal gains and benefits. In all three forms, kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties play primary, but not exclusive, roles. A better understanding of Korean informal relation-based networks helps contribute to the advancement of knowledge about the anatomy of informal institution, as well as to the growing field of indigenous management research, by identifying and analysing an influential contextual factor in Korea. In addition, it underlines important implications for management practices in Korea.

Suggested Citation

  • Sven Horak, 2014. "Antecedents and characteristics of informal relation-based networks in Korea: Yongo , Yonjul and Inmaek," Asia Pacific Business Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 20(1), pages 78-108, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:apbizr:v:20:y:2014:i:1:p:78-108
    DOI: 10.1080/13602381.2013.791567
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    Cited by:

    1. Inju Yang & Sven Horak, 2019. "Emotions, indigenous affective ties, and social network theory—The case of South Korea," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 395-414, June.
    2. Martin Hemmert, 2019. "The relevance of inter-personal ties and inter-organizational tie strength for outcomes of research collaborations in South Korea," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 373-393, June.
    3. Sven Horak, 2018. "Join In or Opt Out? A Normative–Ethical Analysis of Affective Ties and Networks in South Korea," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 149(1), pages 207-220, April.
    4. Sadia Nadeem & Neelab Kayani, 2019. "Sifarish: Understanding the Ethical Versus Unethical Use of Network-Based Hiring in Pakistan," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 158(4), pages 969-982, September.
    5. Lee, Jong Min & Paik, Yongsun & Horak, Sven & Yang, Inju, 2022. "Turning a liability into an asset of foreignness: Managing informal networks in Korea," Business Horizons, Elsevier, vol. 65(3), pages 351-364.
    6. Dae Seok Chai & Shinhee Jeong & Junhee Kim & Sewon Kim & Robert G. Hamlin, 2016. "Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness in a Korean context: An indigenous qualitative study," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 33(3), pages 789-820, September.
    7. Hemmert, Martin, 2015. "The relevance of inter-personal and inter-organizational ties for interaction quality and outcomes of research collaborations in South Korea," Working Papers on East Asian Studies 102/2015, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies IN-EAST.
    8. Sven Horak & Yuliani Suseno, 2023. "Informal Networks, Informal Institutions, and Social Exclusion in the Workplace: Insights from Subsidiaries of Multinational Corporations in Korea," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 186(3), pages 633-655, September.
    9. Horak, Sven & Klein, Andreas & Ahlstrom, David & Li, Xiaomei, 2024. "Resilience or decline of informal networks? Examining the role of trust context in network societies," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 33(4).
    10. Hemmert, Martin, 2015. "The relevance of inter-personal and inter-organizational ties for interaction quality and outcomes of research collaborations in South Korea," Working Papers on East Asian Studies 102/2015, University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of East Asian Studies IN-EAST.
    11. Horak, Sven & Yang, Inju, 2016. "Affective networks, informal ties, and the limits of expatriate effectiveness," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 1030-1042.
    12. Sven Horak & Markus Taube & Inju Yang & Katja Restel, 2019. "Two not of a kind: Social network theory and informal social networks in East Asia," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 36(2), pages 349-372, June.
    13. Zhang, Man & Hartley, Janet L. & AL-Husan, Faten Baddar & ALHussan, Fawaz Baddar, 2021. "Informal interorganizational business relationships and customer loyalty: Comparing Guanxi, Yongo, and Wasta," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 30(3).
    14. Sven Horak & Markus Taube, 2016. "Same but different? Similarities and fundamental differences of informal social networks in China (guanxi) and Korea (yongo)," Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Springer, vol. 33(3), pages 595-616, September.

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