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Review of soil liquefaction characteristics during major earthquakes of the twenty-first century

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  • Yu Huang
  • Miao Yu

Abstract

Liquefaction, which can be defined as a loss of strength and stiffness in soils, is one of the major causes of damage to buildings and infrastructure during an earthquake. To overcome a lack of comprehensive analyses of seismically induced liquefaction, this study reviews the characteristics of liquefaction and its related damage to soils and foundations during earthquakes in the first part of the twenty-first century. Based on seismic data analysis, macroscopic phenomena of liquefaction (e.g., sand boiling, ground cracking, and lateral spread) are summarized, and several new phenomena related to earthquakes from the twenty-first century are highlighted, including liquefaction in areas with moderate seismic intensity, liquefaction of gravelly soils, liquefaction of deep-level sandy soils, re-liquefaction in aftershocks, liquid-like behavior of unsaturated sandy soils. Additionally, phenomena related to damage in soils and foundations induced by liquefaction are investigated and discussed. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013

Suggested Citation

  • Yu Huang & Miao Yu, 2013. "Review of soil liquefaction characteristics during major earthquakes of the twenty-first century," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 65(3), pages 2375-2384, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:65:y:2013:i:3:p:2375-2384
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0433-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Yu Huang & Ximiao Jiang, 2010. "Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 54(3), pages 839-850, September.
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    1. Xiaohua Bao & Bin Ye & Guanlin Ye & Feng Zhang, 2016. "Co-seismic and post-seismic behavior of a wall type breakwater on a natural ground composed of liquefiable layer," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 83(3), pages 1799-1819, September.
    2. Domenico Lombardi & Subhamoy Bhattacharya, 2014. "Liquefaction of soil in the Emilia-Romagna region after the 2012 Northern Italy earthquake sequence," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 73(3), pages 1749-1770, September.
    3. Koki Nakao & Shinya Inazumi & Tsuyoshi Takahashi & Supakij Nontananandh, 2022. "Numerical Simulation of the Liquefaction Phenomenon by MPSM-DEM Coupled CAES," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Xiwen Zhang & Xiaowei Tang & Ryosuke Uzuoka, 2015. "Numerical simulation of 3D liquefaction disasters using an automatic time stepping method," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 77(2), pages 1275-1287, June.
    5. Filippo Santucci de Magistris & Giovanni Lanzano & Giovanni Forte & Giovanni Fabbrocino, 2014. "A peak acceleration threshold for soil liquefaction: lessons learned from the 2012 Emilia earthquake (Italy)," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 74(2), pages 1069-1094, November.
    6. Xiao-Hua Bao & Guan-Lin Ye & Bin Ye, 2014. "Explanation of liquefaction in after shock of the 2011 great east Japan earthquake using numerical analysis," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 74(3), pages 1881-1897, December.
    7. Yu Huang & Zhuoqiang Wen, 2015. "Recent developments of soil improvement methods for seismic liquefaction mitigation," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 76(3), pages 1927-1938, April.
    8. Yu Huang & Liuyuan Zhao, 2018. "The effects of small particles on soil seismic liquefaction resistance: current findings and future challenges," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 92(1), pages 567-579, May.
    9. Prince Poddar & Sauhardra Ojha & Mohit Kumar Gupta, 2023. "Probabilistic and deterministic-based approach for liquefaction potential assessment of layered soil," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 118(2), pages 993-1012, September.
    10. Xuesong Zhang & Biao He & Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri & Mohammed Al-Bahrani & Dmitrii Vladimirovich Ulrikh, 2022. "Soil Liquefaction Prediction Based on Bayesian Optimization and Support Vector Machines," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(19), pages 1-15, September.
    11. Karen E Engel, 2016. "Talcahuano, Chile, in the wake of the 2010 disaster: A vulnerable middle?," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 80(2), pages 1057-1081, January.
    12. Miguel Jaimes & Mauro Niño & Eduardo Reinoso, 2015. "Regional map of earthquake-induced liquefaction hazard using the lateral spreading displacement index D LL," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 77(3), pages 1595-1618, July.
    13. Karen E Engel, 2016. "Talcahuano, Chile, in the wake of the 2010 disaster: A vulnerable middle?," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 80(2), pages 1057-1081, January.

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