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Earthquake hazard zonation of Sikkim Himalaya using a GIS platform

Author

Listed:
  • Indrajit Pal
  • Sankar Nath
  • Khemraj Shukla
  • Dilip Pal
  • Abhishek Raj
  • K. Thingbaijam
  • B. Bansal

Abstract

An earthquake hazard zonation map of Sikkim Himalaya is prepared using eight thematic layers namely Geology (GE), Soil Site Class (SO), Slope (SL), Landslide (LS), Rock Outcrop (RO), Frequency–Wavenumber (F–K) simulated Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), Predominant Frequency (PF), and Site Response (SR) at predominant frequencies using Geographic Information System (GIS). This necessitates a large scale seismicity analysis for seismic source zone classification and estimation of maximum earthquake magnitude or maximum credible earthquake to be used as a scenario earthquake for a deterministic or quasi-probabilistic seismic scenario generation. The International Seismological Center (ISC) and Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) catalogues have been used in the present analysis. Combining b-value, fractal correlation dimension (Dc) of the epicenters and the underlying tectonic framework, four seismic source zones are classified in the northeast Indian region. Maximum Earthquake of M W 8.3 is estimated for the Eastern Himalayan Zone (EHZ) and is used to generate the seismic scenario of the region. The Geohazard map is obtained through the integration of the geological and geomorphological themes namely GE, SO, SL, LS, and RO following a pair-wise comparison in an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Detail analysis of SR at all the recording stations by receiver function technique is performed using 80 significant events recorded by the Sikkim Strong Motion Array (SSMA). The ground motion synthesis is performed using F–K integration and the corresponding PGA has been estimated using random vibration theory (RVT). Testing for earthquakes of magnitude greater than M W 5, a few cases presented here, establishes the efficacy and robustness of the F–K simulation algorithm. The geohazard coverage is overlaid and sequentially integrated with PGA, PF, and SR vector layers, in order to evolve the ultimate earthquake hazard microzonation coverage of the territory. Earthquake Hazard Index (EHI) quantitatively classifies the terrain into six hazard levels, while five classes could be identified following the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) PGA nomenclature for the seismic zonation of India. EHI is found to vary between 0.15 to 0.83 quantitatively classifying the terrain into six hazard levels as “Low” corresponding to BIS Zone II, “Moderate” corresponding to BIS Zone III, “Moderately High” belonging to BIS Zone IV, “High” corresponding to BIS Zone V(A), “Very High” and “Severe” with new BIS zones to Zone V(B) and V(C) respectively. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008

Suggested Citation

  • Indrajit Pal & Sankar Nath & Khemraj Shukla & Dilip Pal & Abhishek Raj & K. Thingbaijam & B. Bansal, 2008. "Earthquake hazard zonation of Sikkim Himalaya using a GIS platform," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 45(3), pages 333-377, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:45:y:2008:i:3:p:333-377
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-007-9173-7
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Thomas L. Saaty, 1990. "An Exposition of the AHP in Reply to the Paper "Remarks on the Analytic Hierarchy Process"," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 36(3), pages 259-268, March.
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    1. Brijesh K. Bansal & Mithila Verma & Arun K. Gupta & R. Arun Prasath, 2022. "On mitigation of earthquake and landslide hazards in the eastern Himalayan region," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 114(2), pages 1079-1102, November.
    2. Sukanta Malakar & Abhishek K. Rai & Arun K. Gupta, 2023. "Earthquake risk mapping in the Himalayas by integrated analytical hierarchy process, entropy with neural network," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 116(1), pages 951-975, March.
    3. Diana L. Jaimes & Christian R. Escudero & Karen L. Flores & Araceli Zamora-Camacho, 2023. "Multicriteria seismic hazard and social vulnerability assessment in the Puerto Vallarta metropolitan area, Mexico: toward a comprehensive seismic risk analysis," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 116(2), pages 2671-2692, March.
    4. Sukanta Malakar & Abhishek K. Rai, 2022. "Earthquake vulnerability in the Himalaya by integrated multi-criteria decision models," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 111(1), pages 213-237, March.
    5. G. Papaioannou & L. Vasiliades & A. Loukas, 2015. "Multi-Criteria Analysis Framework for Potential Flood Prone Areas Mapping," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 29(2), pages 399-418, January.
    6. Amit Bera & Bhabani Prasad Mukhopadhyay & Debasish Das, 2019. "Landslide hazard zonation mapping using multi-criteria analysis with the help of GIS techniques: a case study from Eastern Himalayas, Namchi, South Sikkim," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 96(2), pages 935-959, March.
    7. Sudatta Wadadar & Bhabani Prasad Mukhopadhyay, 2022. "GIS-based landslide susceptibility zonation and comparative analysis using analytical hierarchy process and conventional weighting-based multivariate statistical methods in the Lachung River Basin, No," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 113(2), pages 1199-1236, September.
    8. Han-Saem Kim & Choong-Ki Chung, 2016. "Integrated system for site-specific earthquake hazard assessment with geotechnical spatial grid information based on GIS," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 82(2), pages 981-1007, June.

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