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The effects of the 1999 Gölcük earthquake (Mw 7.4) on trace element contamination of core sediments from İzmit Gulf, Turkey

Author

Listed:
  • Tuğçe Nagihan Arslan Kaya

    (Istanbul University)

  • Erol Sarı

    (Istanbul University)

  • M. Namık Çağatay

    (Istanbul Technical University)

  • Mehmet Ali Kurt

    (Mersin University)

  • Taylan Kösesakal

    (Istanbul University)

  • Önder Kılıç

    (Istanbul University)

  • Dursun Acar

    (Istanbul Technical University)

Abstract

Using geochemical and sedimentological properties of a sediment core IK2 from the 210 m deep Karamürsel Basin of the İzmit Gulf, temporal evolution of pollution and sources of trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were investigated. The core sequence extends back to AD865 and includes four mass-flow units (THU-1 to THU-4 from top to base) that were triggered by major earthquakes of AD 1999, 1509, 1206 and 865. The vertical profiles of elements and total organic carbon (TOC) in core IK2 display the highest enrichments in THU-1 that was triggered by the 1999 İzmit earthquake (Mw 7.4). The profiles also display massive erosion of sediments below THU-1, belonging to the industrial period. Principal component analysis (PCA) of geochemical data from core IK2 showed three clusters: (1) PC1 (Co, Cu, Zn, Hg, TOC); (2) PC2 (As, Cr); (3) PC3 (Al). Enrichment of PC1 elements in THU-1 indicates that the unit represents the contaminated surficial sediments remobilized mainly from the relatively steep slopes of the Karamürsel Basin by the earthquake shaking. Strong correlation between TOC and Cu, Zn, Hg, Co suggests additional contamination sources, such as the seepages from the disrupted industrial pipelines, oil refinery and storage tanks, following the earthquake. Moderate enrichment in Pb, and As severe enrichment in Zn and very severe enrichment in Hg in the THU-1 sediments occurred in the last century, but significantly magnified by the devastating 1999 İzmit earthquake and early diagenetic processes.

Suggested Citation

  • Tuğçe Nagihan Arslan Kaya & Erol Sarı & M. Namık Çağatay & Mehmet Ali Kurt & Taylan Kösesakal & Önder Kılıç & Dursun Acar, 2023. "The effects of the 1999 Gölcük earthquake (Mw 7.4) on trace element contamination of core sediments from İzmit Gulf, Turkey," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 116(1), pages 1189-1208, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:nathaz:v:116:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s11069-022-05717-w
    DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05717-w
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Min Jiang & Guangming Zeng & Chang Zhang & Xiaoying Ma & Ming Chen & Jiachao Zhang & Lunhui Lu & Qian Yu & Langping Hu & Lifeng Liu, 2013. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Surrounding Soils and Surface Sediments in Xiawangang River, Qingshuitang District," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 8(8), pages 1-11, August.
    2. Ayşen Ergin & Can Balas, 2006. "Damage risk assessment of breakwaters under tsunami attack," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 39(2), pages 231-243, October.
    3. Murat Utkucu & Zakir Kanbur & Ömer Alptekin & Fatih Sünbül, 2009. "Seismic behaviour of the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Sea of Marmara (NW Turkey): implications for earthquake recurrence times and future seismic hazard," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 50(1), pages 45-71, July.
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