IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/infosf/v25y2023i2d10.1007_s10796-022-10244-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The challenges of entering the metaverse: An experiment on the effect of extended reality on workload

Author

Listed:
  • Nannan Xi

    (Tampere University
    University of Vaasa)

  • Juan Chen

    (Tampere University
    Anhui University of Finance and Economics)

  • Filipe Gama

    (Tampere University)

  • Marc Riar

    (Technical University of Berlin)

  • Juho Hamari

    (Tampere University)

Abstract

Information technologies exist to enable us to either do things we have not done before or do familiar things more efficiently. Metaverse (i.e. extended reality: XR) enables novel forms of engrossing telepresence, but it also may make mundate tasks more effortless. Such technologies increasingly facilitate our work, education, healthcare, consumption and entertainment; however, at the same time, metaverse bring a host of challenges. Therefore, we pose the question whether XR technologies, specifically Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), either increase or decrease the difficulties of carrying out everyday tasks. In the current study we conducted a 2 (AR: with vs. without) × 2 (VR: with vs. without) between-subject experiment where participants faced a shopping-related task (including navigating, movement, hand-interaction, information processing, information searching, storing, decision making, and simple calculation) to examine a proposed series of hypotheses. The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was used to measure subjective workload when using an XR-mediated information system including six sub-dimensions of frustration, performance, effort, physical, mental, and temporal demand. The findings indicate that AR was significantly associated with overall workload, especially mental demand and effort, while VR had no significant effect on any workload sub-dimensions. There was a significant interaction effect between AR and VR on physical demand, effort, and overall workload. The results imply that the resources and cost of operating XR-mediated realities are different and higher than physical reality.

Suggested Citation

  • Nannan Xi & Juan Chen & Filipe Gama & Marc Riar & Juho Hamari, 2023. "The challenges of entering the metaverse: An experiment on the effect of extended reality on workload," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 659-680, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:infosf:v:25:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10796-022-10244-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10796-022-10244-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10796-022-10244-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s10796-022-10244-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Julian Weidinger & Sebastian Schlauderer & Sven Overhage, 2018. "Is the Frontier Shifting into the Right Direction? A Qualitative Analysis of Acceptance Factors for Novel Firefighter Information Technologies," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 20(4), pages 669-692, August.
    2. Jella Pfeiffer & Thies Pfeiffer & Martin Meißner & Elisa Weiß, 2020. "Eye-Tracking-Based Classification of Information Search Behavior Using Machine Learning: Evidence from Experiments in Physical Shops and Virtual Reality Shopping Environments," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 31(3), pages 675-691, September.
    3. Andrei O. J. Kwok & Sharon G. M. Koh, 2021. "COVID-19 and Extended Reality (XR)," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 24(14), pages 1935-1940, July.
    4. Rauschnabel, Philipp A., 2021. "Augmented reality is eating the real-world! The substitution of physical products by holograms," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    5. Xi, Nannan & Hamari, Juho, 2021. "Shopping in virtual reality: A literature review and future agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 37-58.
    6. Poushneh, Atieh & Vasquez-Parraga, Arturo Z., 2017. "Discernible impact of augmented reality on retail customer's experience, satisfaction and willingness to buy," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 229-234.
    7. Kai Klinker & Manuel Wiesche & Helmut Krcmar, 2020. "Digital Transformation in Health Care: Augmented Reality for Hands-Free Service Innovation," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 22(6), pages 1419-1431, December.
    8. Manis, Kerry T. & Choi, Danny, 2019. "The virtual reality hardware acceptance model (VR-HAM): Extending and individuating the technology acceptance model (TAM) for virtual reality hardware," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 503-513.
    9. Yan (Mandy) Dang & Yulei (Gavin) Zhang & Susan A. Brown & Hsinchun Chen, 2020. "Examining the impacts of mental workload and task-technology fit on user acceptance of the social media search system," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 22(3), pages 697-718, June.
    10. Francesca Bonetti & Gary Warnaby & Lee Quinn, 2018. "Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality in Physical and Online Retailing: A Review, Synthesis and Research Agenda," Progress in IS, in: Timothy Jung & M. Claudia tom Dieck (ed.), Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, pages 119-132, Springer.
    11. Meißner, Martin & Pfeiffer, Jella & Pfeiffer, Thies & Oppewal, Harmen, 2019. "Combining virtual reality and mobile eye tracking to provide a naturalistic experimental environment for shopper research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 445-458.
    12. Peter M. Bednar & Christine Welch, 2020. "Socio-Technical Perspectives on Smart Working: Creating Meaningful and Sustainable Systems," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 22(2), pages 281-298, April.
    13. Rese, Alexandra & Baier, Daniel & Geyer-Schulz, Andreas & Schreiber, Stefanie, 2017. "How augmented reality apps are accepted by consumers: A comparative analysis using scales and opinions," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 306-319.
    14. Yim, Mark Yi-Cheon & Chu, Shu-Chuan & Sauer, Paul L., 2017. "Is Augmented Reality Technology an Effective Tool for E-commerce? An Interactivity and Vividness Perspective," Journal of Interactive Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 89-103.
    15. Heller, Jonas & Chylinski, Mathew & de Ruyter, Ko & Mahr, Dominik & Keeling, Debbie I., 2019. "Let Me Imagine That for You: Transforming the Retail Frontline Through Augmenting Customer Mental Imagery Ability," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 95(2), pages 94-114.
    16. Kieran Mathieson, 1991. "Predicting User Intentions: Comparing the Technology Acceptance Model with the Theory of Planned Behavior," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 2(3), pages 173-191, September.
    17. Luca Longo, 2018. "Experienced mental workload, perception of usability, their interaction and impact on task performance," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(8), pages 1-36, August.
    18. Flavián, Carlos & Ibáñez-Sánchez, Sergio & Orús, Carlos, 2019. "The impact of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies on the customer experience," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 547-560.
    19. Fan, Xiaojun & Chai, Zeli & Deng, Nianqi & Dong, Xuebing, 2020. "Adoption of augmented reality in online retailing and consumers’ product attitude: A cognitive perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    20. Rese, Alexandra & Schreiber, Stefanie & Baier, Daniel, 2014. "Technology acceptance modeling of augmented reality at the point of sale: Can surveys be replaced by an analysis of online reviews?," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 869-876.
    21. Kim, Jiyeon & Forsythe, Sandra, 2008. "Adoption of Virtual Try-on technology for online apparel shopping," Journal of Interactive Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 45-59.
    22. Kim, Myung Ja & Hall, C. Michael, 2019. "A hedonic motivation model in virtual reality tourism: Comparing visitors and non-visitors," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 236-249.
    23. Guo, Yuanyuan & Lu, Zhenzhen & Kuang, Haibo & Wang, Chaoyou, 2020. "Information avoidance behavior on social network sites: Information irrelevance, overload, and the moderating role of time pressure," International Journal of Information Management, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    24. Park, Minjung & Yoo, Jungmin, 2020. "Effects of perceived interactivity of augmented reality on consumer responses: A mental imagery perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Jae Eun Sin & Ah Rim Kim, 2024. "Mixed Reality in Clinical Settings for Pediatric Patients and Their Families: A Literature Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(9), pages 1-20, September.
    2. Kumar, Aman & Shankar, Amit & Agarwal, Reeti & Agarwal, Vaishali & Alzeiby, Ebtesam Abdullah, 2024. "With enterprise metaverse comes great possibilities! Understanding metaverse usage intention from an employee perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    3. Gong, Taeshik & Park, JungKun, 2023. "Effects of augmented reality technology characteristics on customer citizenship behavior," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Jayaswal, Pragya & Parida, Biswajita, 2023. "The role of augmented reality in redefining e-tailing: A review and research agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).
    2. Vieira, Valter Afonso & Rafael, Diego Nogueira & Agnihotri, Raj, 2022. "Augmented reality generalizations: A meta-analytical review on consumer-related outcomes and the mediating role of hedonic and utilitarian values," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 170-184.
    3. Recalde, Daniella & Jai, Tunmin Catherine & Jones, Robert Paul, 2024. "I can find the right product with AR! The mediation effects of shopper engagement on intent to purchase beauty products," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    4. Qin, Hong & Osatuyi, Babajide & Xu, Lu, 2021. "How mobile augmented reality applications affect continuous use and purchase intentions: A cognition-affect-conation perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    5. Stefan Hoffmann & Tom Joerß & Robert Mai & Payam Akbar, 2022. "Augmented reality-delivered product information at the point of sale: when information controllability backfires," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Springer, vol. 50(4), pages 743-776, July.
    6. Arghashi, Vahideh & Yuksel, Cenk Arsun, 2022. "Interactivity, Inspiration, and Perceived Usefulness! How retailers’ AR-apps improve consumer engagement through flow," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    7. Nikhashemi, S.R. & Knight, Helena H. & Nusair, Khaldoon & Liat, Cheng Boon, 2021. "Augmented reality in smart retailing: A (n) (A) Symmetric Approach to continuous intention to use retail brands’ mobile AR apps," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    8. Kowalczuk, Pascal & Siepmann (née Scheiben), Carolin & Adler, Jost, 2021. "Cognitive, affective, and behavioral consumer responses to augmented reality in e-commerce: A comparative study," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 124(C), pages 357-373.
    9. Joerß, Tom & Hoffmann, Stefan & Mai, Robert & Akbar, Payam, 2021. "Digitalization as solution to environmental problems? When users rely on augmented reality-recommendation agents," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 128(C), pages 510-523.
    10. Wedel, Michel & Bigné, Enrique & Zhang, Jie, 2020. "Virtual and augmented reality: Advancing research in consumer marketing," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 443-465.
    11. Schultz, Carsten D. & Kumar, Harish, 2024. "ARvolution: Decoding consumer motivation and value dimensions in augmented reality," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    12. Nawres, Darragi & Nedra, Bahri-Ammari & Yousaf, Anish & Mishra, Abhishek, 2024. "The role of augmented reality in shaping purchase intentions and WOM for luxury products," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 171(C).
    13. Chekembayeva, Gaukhar & Garaus, Marion & Schmidt, Orsolya, 2023. "The role of time convenience and (anticipated) emotions in AR mobile retailing application adoption," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    14. Hinsch, Chris & Felix, Reto & Rauschnabel, Philipp A., 2020. "Nostalgia beats the wow-effect: Inspiration, awe and meaningful associations in augmented reality marketing," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 53(C).
    15. Poushneh, Atieh, 2021. "How close do we feel to virtual product to make a purchase decision? Impact of perceived proximity to virtual product and temporal purchase intention," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    16. Dehghani, Milad & Lee, Seung Hwan (Mark) & Mashatan, Atefeh, 2020. "Touching holograms with windows mixed reality: Renovating the consumer retailing services," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    17. Jessen, Alexander & Hilken, Tim & Chylinski, Mathew & Mahr, Dominik & Heller, Jonas & Keeling, Debbie Isobel & de Ruyter, Ko, 2020. "The playground effect: How augmented reality drives creative customer engagement," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 85-98.
    18. Scholz, Joachim & Duffy, Katherine, 2018. "We ARe at home: How augmented reality reshapes mobile marketing and consumer-brand relationships," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 11-23.
    19. Smink, Anne R. & van Reijmersdal, Eva A. & van Noort, Guda & Neijens, Peter C., 2020. "Shopping in augmented reality: The effects of spatial presence, personalization and intrusiveness on app and brand responses," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 118(C), pages 474-485.
    20. Serravalle, Francesca & Vanheems, Régine & Viassone, Milena, 2023. "Does product involvement drive consumer flow state in the AR environment? A study on behavioural responses," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:infosf:v:25:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s10796-022-10244-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.