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Combining virtual reality and mobile eye tracking to provide a naturalistic experimental environment for shopper research

Author

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  • Meißner, Martin
  • Pfeiffer, Jella
  • Pfeiffer, Thies
  • Oppewal, Harmen

Abstract

Technological advances in eye tracking methodology have made it possible to unobtrusively measure consumer visual attention during the shopping process. Mobile eye tracking in field settings however has several limitations, including a highly cumbersome data coding process. In addition, field settings allow only limited control of important interfering variables. The present paper argues that virtual reality can provide an alternative setting that combines the benefits of mobile eye tracking with the flexibility and control provided by lab experiments. The paper first reviews key advantages of different eye tracking technologies as available for desktop, natural and virtual environments. It then explains how combining virtual reality settings with eye tracking provides a unique opportunity for shopper research in particular regarding the use of augmented reality to provide shopper assistance.

Suggested Citation

  • Meißner, Martin & Pfeiffer, Jella & Pfeiffer, Thies & Oppewal, Harmen, 2019. "Combining virtual reality and mobile eye tracking to provide a naturalistic experimental environment for shopper research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 445-458.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:100:y:2019:i:c:p:445-458
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.028
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Na Chen & Ming Zhao & Kun Gao & Jun Zhao, 2020. "The Physiological Experimental Study on the Effect of Different Color of Safety Signs on a Virtual Subway Fire Escape—An Exploratory Case Study of Zijing Mountain Subway Station," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(16), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Xi, Nannan & Hamari, Juho, 2021. "Shopping in virtual reality: A literature review and future agenda," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), pages 37-58.
    3. Milica Mormann & Tom Griffiths & Chris Janiszewski & J. Edward Russo & Anocha Aribarg & Nathaniel J. S. Ashby & Rajesh Bagchi & Sudeep Bhatia & Aleksandra Kovacheva & Martin Meissner & Kellen J. Mrkva, 2020. "Time to pay attention to attention: using attention-based process traces to better understand consumer decision-making," Marketing Letters, Springer, vol. 31(4), pages 381-392, December.
    4. Meißner, Martin & Pfeiffer, Jella & Peukert, Christian & Dietrich, Holger & Pfeiffer, Thies, 2020. "How virtual reality affects consumer choice," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 117(C), pages 219-231.
    5. Biqiang Liu & Anna Kralj & Brent Moyle & Yaoqi Li, 2024. "Developing 360-degree stimuli for virtual tourism research: a five-step mixed measures procedure," Information Technology & Tourism, Springer, vol. 26(3), pages 485-519, September.
    6. Milad Haghani & Michiel C. J. Bliemer & John M. Rose & Harmen Oppewal & Emily Lancsar, 2021. "Hypothetical bias in stated choice experiments: Part I. Integrative synthesis of empirical evidence and conceptualisation of external validity," Papers 2102.02940, arXiv.org.
    7. Haghani, Milad & Bliemer, Michiel C.J. & Rose, John M. & Oppewal, Harmen & Lancsar, Emily, 2021. "Hypothetical bias in stated choice experiments: Part II. Conceptualisation of external validity, sources and explanations of bias and effectiveness of mitigation methods," Journal of choice modelling, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    8. Haghani, Milad & Bliemer, Michiel C.J. & Rose, John M. & Oppewal, Harmen & Lancsar, Emily, 2021. "Hypothetical bias in stated choice experiments: Part I. Macro-scale analysis of literature and integrative synthesis of empirical evidence from applied economics, experimental psychology and neuroimag," Journal of choice modelling, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    9. Nordfält, Jens & Ahlbom, Carl-Philip, 2024. "Utilising eye-tracking data in retailing field research: A practical guide," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 100(1), pages 148-160.
    10. Holopainen, Jani & Mattila, Osmo & Pöyry, Essi & Parvinen, Petri, 2020. "Applying design science research methodology in the development of virtual reality forest management services," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    11. Mol, Jantsje M., 2019. "Goggles in the lab: Economic experiments in immersive virtual environments," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 79(C), pages 155-164.
    12. Hollebeek, Linda D. & Macky, Keith, 2019. "Digital Content Marketing's Role in Fostering Consumer Engagement, Trust, and Value: Framework, Fundamental Propositions, and Implications," Journal of Interactive Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 27-41.
    13. Wedel, Michel & Bigné, Enrique & Zhang, Jie, 2020. "Virtual and augmented reality: Advancing research in consumer marketing," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 37(3), pages 443-465.
    14. Christoph Engel & Rima-Maria Rahal, 2022. "Eye-Tracking as a Method for Legal Research," Discussion Paper Series of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods 2022_07, Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods.
    15. Nannan Xi & Juan Chen & Filipe Gama & Marc Riar & Juho Hamari, 2023. "The challenges of entering the metaverse: An experiment on the effect of extended reality on workload," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 25(2), pages 659-680, April.
    16. Kapoor, Ankur & Sahay, Arvind & Singh, Nandini C. & Chandrasekhar Pammi, V.S. & Banerjee, Prantosh, 2023. "The neural correlates and the underlying processes of weak brand choices," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    17. Huang, Jianping & Zhao, Ping & Wan, Xiaoang, 2021. "From brain variations to individual differences in the color–flavor incongruency effect: A combined virtual reality and resting-state fMRI study," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 123(C), pages 604-612.
    18. Horky, Florian & Krell, Felix & Fidrmuc, Jarko, 2023. "Setting the stage: Fairness behavior in virtual reality dictator games," Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics (formerly The Journal of Socio-Economics), Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    19. Yohan Wismantoro & Vincent Didiek Wiet Aryanto & Imang Dapit Pamungkas & Nanda Adhi Purusa & Amron & Amalia Nur Chasanah & Usman, 2022. "Virtual Reality Destination Experiences Model: A Moderating Variable between Wisesa Sustainable Tourism Behavior and Tourists’ Intention to Visit," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, December.
    20. Sadamali Jayawardena, Nirma & Thaichon, Park & Quach, Sara & Razzaq, Ali & Behl, Abhishek, 2023. "‘The persuasion effects of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) video advertisements: A conceptual review’," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 160(C).

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