IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/gjofsm/v21y2020i4d10.1007_s40171-020-00253-7.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Modified Total Interpretive Structural Model of Corporate Financial Flexibility

Author

Listed:
  • Anshu Agrawal

    (Indian Institute of Management Sirmaur)

Abstract

In present dynamic environment, financial flexibility has become an important constituent of corporate finance decisions. Financial flexible firms are ostensibly more resilient to exogenous shock vis-à-vis non-flexible firms. Capital structuring decisions, payout decisions and conservative cash policy are various tactics adopted by financial managers for attaining financial flexibility. Present study attempts to identify key enablers of financial flexibility and structure them into a total interpretive structural model using modified TISM approach. Using literature review, business environment, cost of capital, stage of life cycle, free cash reserves, agency relations, payout policy, and leverage are identified as seven constituents of corporate financial flexibility. Based on their interpretive interdependencies/ relationship, a hierarchical model of financial flexibility is developed exhibiting a holistic view of financial flexibility decisions from triggers to final outcome. The findings result into a four-step novel framework situation-actors-actions-outcome framework of financial flexibility, with business environment and stage of life cycle as situation/ triggers, free cash reserves and agency as actors/precursors, payout and leverage as actions/ decisions and cost of financing as outcome of financial flexibility decision. Model lends credence to financial flexibility as situation-specific decision. It is a reservoir to address exogenous income and investment shocks. Firms generating free cash flow are invariably flexible to meet income and investment shocks. However, firms with fluctuating operations need buffer in form of cash reserves or debt capacity to address the contingencies. Investment in good corporate governance practices can serve as an intangible reserve and an alternative to costly tangible ways such as cash surplus and leverage. Such firms with shareholders’ support are deemed more flexible in payouts, capital structuring, investment decisions and overall operations, and less reliant on external financing.

Suggested Citation

  • Anshu Agrawal, 2020. "Modified Total Interpretive Structural Model of Corporate Financial Flexibility," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21(4), pages 369-388, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:gjofsm:v:21:y:2020:i:4:d:10.1007_s40171-020-00253-7
    DOI: 10.1007/s40171-020-00253-7
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40171-020-00253-7
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s40171-020-00253-7?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ang, James & Smedema, Adam, 2011. "Financial flexibility: Do firms prepare for recession?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 774-787, June.
    2. Thomas O'Connor & Julie Byrne, 2015. "Governance and the corporate life-cycle," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(1), pages 23-43, February.
    3. Almeida, Heitor & Campello, Murillo & Weisbach, Michael S., 2011. "Corporate financial and investment policies when future financing is not frictionless," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 675-693, June.
    4. Yufeng Wu, 2018. "What’s behind Smooth Dividends? Evidence from Structural Estimation," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 31(10), pages 3979-4016.
    5. Qi Chen & Xiao Chen & Katherine Schipper & Yongxin Xu & Jian Xue, 2012. "The Sensitivity of Corporate Cash Holdings to Corporate Governance," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 25(12), pages 3610-3644.
    6. Erwan Morellec & Boris Nikolov & Norman Schürhoff, 2018. "Agency Conflicts around the World," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 31(11), pages 4232-4287.
    7. Kayo, Eduardo K. & Kimura, Herbert, 2011. "Hierarchical determinants of capital structure," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(2), pages 358-371, February.
    8. Hoang, Edward C. & Hoxha, Indrit, 2016. "Corporate payout smoothing: A variance decomposition approach," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(C), pages 1-13.
    9. Andreou, Panayiotis C. & Louca, Christodoulos & Panayides, Photis M., 2014. "Corporate governance, financial management decisions and firm performance: Evidence from the maritime industry," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 59-78.
    10. Praveen Kumar, 1988. "Shareholder-Manager Conflict and the Information Content of Dividends," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 1(2), pages 111-136.
    11. Madhukar Patil & M. Suresh, 2019. "Modelling the Enablers of Workforce Agility in IoT Projects: A TISM Approach," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 20(2), pages 157-175, June.
    12. Sabri Boubaker & Imen Derouiche & Duc Nguyen, 2015. "Does the board of directors affect cash holdings? A study of French listed firms," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 19(2), pages 341-370, May.
    13. Jagannathan, Murali & Stephens, Clifford P. & Weisbach, Michael S., 2000. "Financial flexibility and the choice between dividends and stock repurchases," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 57(3), pages 355-384, September.
    14. Michael Faulkender & Mitchell A. Petersen, 2006. "Does the Source of Capital Affect Capital Structure?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 19(1), pages 45-79.
    15. Floyd, Eric & Li, Nan & Skinner, Douglas J., 2015. "Payout policy through the financial crisis: The growth of repurchases and the resilience of dividends," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 118(2), pages 299-316.
    16. Brav, Alon & Graham, John R. & Harvey, Campbell R. & Michaely, Roni, 2005. "Payout policy in the 21st century," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(3), pages 483-527, September.
    17. Sanjai Kumar Shukla & Sushil & Manoj Kumar Sharma, 2019. "Managerial Paradox Toward Flexibility: Emergent Views Using Thematic Analysis of Literature," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 20(4), pages 349-370, December.
    18. Andrea Gamba & Alexander Triantis, 2008. "The Value of Financial Flexibility," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 63(5), pages 2263-2296, October.
    19. Denis, David J., 2011. "Financial flexibility and corporate liquidity," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 667-674, June.
    20. Mark T. Leary & Roni Michaely, 2011. "Determinants of Dividend Smoothing: Empirical Evidence," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 24(10), pages 3197-3249.
    21. Sudheer Chava, 2014. "Environmental Externalities and Cost of Capital," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 60(9), pages 2223-2247, September.
    22. Graham, John R. & Harvey, Campbell R., 2001. "The theory and practice of corporate finance: evidence from the field," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 60(2-3), pages 187-243, May.
    23. Fliers, Philip T., 2019. "What is the relation between financial flexibility and dividend smoothing?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 98-111.
    24. Jianjun Miao, 2005. "Optimal Capital Structure and Industry Dynamics," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 60(6), pages 2621-2659, December.
    25. Darakhshan Younis & Attiya Yasmin Javid, 2014. "Market Imperfections and Dividend Policy Decisions of Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2014:99, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    26. Merton H. Miller & Franco Modigliani, 1961. "Dividend Policy, Growth, and the Valuation of Shares," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 34, pages 411-411.
    27. Alice Adams Bonaimé & Kristine Watson Hankins & Jarrad Harford, 2014. "Financial Flexibility, Risk Management, and Payout Choice," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 27(4), pages 1074-1101.
    28. Nikita Konovalov & Alexander Gromoff & Alina V. Vladimirova & Yaroslav Gorchakov, 2020. "Can CRM Flexibility Raise Bank Efficiency?," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21(2), pages 101-112, June.
    29. Maria‐Teresa Marchica & Roberto Mura, 2010. "Financial Flexibility, Investment Ability, and Firm Value: Evidence from Firms with Spare Debt Capacity," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(4), pages 1339-1365, December.
    30. Nakul Parameswar & Sanjay Dhir & Sushil, 2020. "Interpretive Ranking of Choice of Interaction of Parent Firms Post-International Joint Venture Termination using TISM-IRP," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 21(1), pages 1-16, March.
    31. J. Jena & Sumati Sidharth & Lakshman S. Thakur & Devendra Kumar Pathak & V.C. Pandey, 2017. "Total Interpretive Structural Modeling (TISM): approach and application," Journal of Advances in Management Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 14(2), pages 162-181, May.
    32. Manju Tripathi & Smita Kashiramka & P. K. Jain, 2018. "Flexibility in Measuring Corporate Financial Performance, EVA Versus Conventional Earnings Measures: Evidences from India and China," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 19(2), pages 123-138, June.
    33. Yung, Kenneth & Li, DeQing Diane & Jian, Yi, 2015. "The value of corporate financial flexibility in emerging countries," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 32, pages 25-41.
    34. Magdalena Jerzemowska, 2006. "The Main Agency Problems and Their Consequences [Hlavní problémy vztahu zastoupení a jejich následky]," Acta Oeconomica Pragensia, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2006(3), pages 9-17.
    35. Glover, Brent, 2016. "The expected cost of default," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 284-299.
    36. Armstrong, Christopher S. & Guay, Wayne R. & Weber, Joseph P., 2010. "The role of information and financial reporting in corporate governance and debt contracting," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 179-234, December.
    37. Annalisa Ferrando & Maria†Teresa Marchica & Roberto Mura, 2017. "Financial Flexibility and Investment Ability Across the Euro Area and the UK," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(1), pages 87-126, January.
    38. Elkamhi, Redouane & Ericsson, Jan & Parsons, Christopher A., 2012. "The cost and timing of financial distress," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 105(1), pages 62-81.
    39. Manoj Kumar Singh & Harish Kumar & M. P. Gupta & Jitendra Madaan, 2018. "Analyzing the Determinants Affecting the Industrial Competitiveness of Electronics Manufacturing in India by Using TISM and AHP," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 19(3), pages 191-207, September.
    40. Duchin, Ran & Ozbas, Oguzhan & Sensoy, Berk A., 2010. "Costly external finance, corporate investment, and the subprime mortgage credit crisis," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 97(3), pages 418-435, September.
    41. Claessens, Stijn & Yurtoglu, B. Burcin, 2013. "Corporate governance in emerging markets: A survey," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(C), pages 1-33.
    42. Harry DeAngelo & Andrei S Gonçalves & René M Stulz, 2018. "Corporate Deleveraging and Financial Flexibility," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 31(8), pages 3122-3174.
    43. Özgür Arslan-Ayaydin & Chris Florackis & Aydin Ozkan, 2014. "Financial flexibility, corporate investment and performance: evidence from financial crises," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 42(2), pages 211-250, February.
    44. Ezra Solomon, 1963. "Leverage And The Cost Of Capital," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 18(2), pages 273-279, May.
    45. Chay, J.B. & Suh, Jungwon, 2009. "Payout policy and cash-flow uncertainty," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(1), pages 88-107, July.
    46. Faff, Robert & Kwok, Wing Chun & Podolski, Edward J. & Wong, George, 2016. "Do corporate policies follow a life-cycle?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 95-107.
    47. Subba Reddy Yarram, 2015. "Corporate governance ratings and the dividend payout decisions of Australian corporate firms," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 11(2), pages 162-178, April.
    48. repec:oup:rfinst:v:25:y::i:12:p:3610-3644 is not listed on IDEAS
    49. Ilan Guttman & Ohad Kadan & Eugene Kandel, 2010. "Dividend Stickiness and Strategic Pooling," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(12), pages 4455-4495, December.
    50. repec:elg:eebook:14347 is not listed on IDEAS
    51. Bonaimé, Alice A. & Hankins, Kristine W. & Jordan, Bradford D., 2016. "The cost of financial flexibility: Evidence from share repurchases," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 38(C), pages 345-362.
    52. Alexander S. Gorbenko, 2010. "Temporary versus Permanent Shocks: Explaining Corporate Financial Policies," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 23(7), pages 2591-2647, July.
    53. Frank, Murray Z. & Shen, Tao, 2016. "Investment and the weighted average cost of capital," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 119(2), pages 300-315.
    54. Rapp, Marc Steffen & Schmid, Thomas & Urban, Daniel, 2014. "The value of financial flexibility and corporate financial policy," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 288-302.
    55. Michael S. Rozeff, 1982. "Growth, Beta And Agency Costs As Determinants Of Dividend Payout Ratios," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 5(3), pages 249-259, September.
    56. Al-Najjar, Basil, 2013. "The financial determinants of corporate cash holdings: Evidence from some emerging markets," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 77-88.
    57. Hasan, Mostafa Monzur & Hossain, Mahmud & Cheung, Adrian (Wai-Kong) & Habib, Ahsan, 2015. "Corporate life cycle and cost of equity capital," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 11(1), pages 46-60.
    58. Stewart C. Myers, 2001. "Capital Structure," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 15(2), pages 81-102, Spring.
    59. Myers, Stewart C., 1984. "Capital structure puzzle," Working papers 1548-84., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
    60. David J. Denis & Stephen B. McKeon, 2012. "Debt Financing and Financial Flexibility Evidence from Proactive Leverage Increases," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 25(6), pages 1897-1929.
    61. Arslan, Ozgur & Florackis, Chrisostomos & Ozkan, Aydin, 2006. "The role of cash holdings in reducing investment-cash flow sensitivity: Evidence from a financial crisis period in an emerging market," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 7(4), pages 320-338, December.
    62. Jarrad Harford, 1999. "Corporate Cash Reserves and Acquisitions," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(6), pages 1969-1997, December.
    63. Gu, Xian & Hasan, Iftekhar & Zhu, Yun, 2019. "Political influence and financial flexibility: Evidence from China," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 142-156.
    64. Myers, Stewart C, 1984. "The Capital Structure Puzzle," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 575-592, July.
    65. Chae, Joon & Kim, Sungmin & Lee, Eun Jung, 2009. "How corporate governance affects payout policy under agency problems and external financing constraints," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(11), pages 2093-2101, November.
    66. Gerard Hoberg & Gordon Phillips & Nagpurnanand Prabhala, 2014. "Product Market Threats, Payouts, and Financial Flexibility," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 69(1), pages 293-324, February.
    67. Bruce A. Seaman & Dennis R. Young (ed.), 2018. "Handbook of Research on Nonprofit Economics and Management," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 16909.
    68. Bart M. Lambrecht & Stewart C. Myers, 2012. "A Lintner Model of Payout and Managerial Rents," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 67(5), pages 1761-1810, October.
    69. Devendra K. Yadav & Akhilesh Barve, 2016. "Modeling Post-disaster Challenges of Humanitarian Supply Chains: A TISM Approach," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 17(3), pages 321-340, September.
    70. Chen, Kevin C.W. & Chen, Zhihong & Wei, K.C. John, 2009. "Legal protection of investors, corporate governance, and the cost of equity capital," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 273-289, June.
    71. Subramanian Rama Iyer & Harry Feng & Ramesh P. Rao, 2017. "Payout flexibility and capital expenditure," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 49(3), pages 633-659, October.
    72. Sanjay Prasad & Ravi Shankar & Rachita Gupta & Sreejit Roy, 2018. "A TISM modeling of critical success factors of blockchain based cloud services," Journal of Advances in Management Research, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 15(4), pages 434-456, September.
    73. Stewart C. Myers, 1984. "Capital Structure Puzzle," NBER Working Papers 1393, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    74. Paul D Koch & Catherine Shenoy, 1999. "The Information Content of Dividend and Capital Structure Policies," Financial Management, Financial Management Association, vol. 28(4), Winter.
    75. Rahaman, Mohammad M., 2011. "Access to financing and firm growth," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(3), pages 709-723, March.
    76. Franck Bancel & Usha R. Mittoo, 2011. "Financial flexibility and the impact of the global financial crisis," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 7(2), pages 179-216, April.
    77. Mikkelson, Wayne H. & Partch, M. Megan, 2003. "Do Persistent Large Cash Reserves Hinder Performance?," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 38(2), pages 275-294, June.
    78. Abe de Jong & Marno Verbeek & Patrick Verwijmeren, 2012. "Does Financial Flexibility Reduce Investment Distortions?," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 35(2), pages 243-259, June.
    79. Sushil, 2017. "Modified ISM/TISM Process with Simultaneous Transitivity Checks for Reducing Direct Pair Comparisons," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 18(4), pages 331-351, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shekhar & Debadyuti Das, 2023. "Enablers of ‘Creating Shared Value’: A Total Interpretive Structural Modeling–Polarity Approach," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(2), pages 291-318, June.
    2. Tomer Kedarya & Amir Elalouf & Rafael Sherbu Cohen, 2023. "Calculating Strategic Risk in Financial Institutions," Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, Springer;Global Institute of Flexible Systems Management, vol. 24(3), pages 361-372, September.
    3. Sorooshian, Shahryar & Tavana, Madjid & Ribeiro-Navarrete, Samuel, 2023. "From classical interpretive structural modeling to total interpretive structural modeling and beyond: A half-century of business research," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    4. Muhammd Istan, 2024. "Analysis of the Influence of Assets Structure, Earning Volatility, and Financial Flexibility on Capital Structure and Corporate Performance in Manufacturing Sector Companies on the IDX," Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 1, pages 49-65.
    5. Hu, Jiamin & Li, Kailun & Xia, Yifei & Zhang, Jianing, 2023. "Gender diversity and financial flexibility: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    6. Garg, Shamita & Sushil,, 2021. "Determinants of deglobalization: A hierarchical model to explore their interrelations as a conduit to policy," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 43(2), pages 433-447.
    7. Sushil & Periyasami Anbarasan, 2021. "Organization’s Sustainable Operational Complexity and Strategic Overview: TISM Approach and Asian Case Studies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-32, August.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fliers, Philip T., 2019. "What is the relation between financial flexibility and dividend smoothing?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 92(C), pages 98-111.
    2. Annalisa Ferrando & Maria†Teresa Marchica & Roberto Mura, 2017. "Financial Flexibility and Investment Ability Across the Euro Area and the UK," European Financial Management, European Financial Management Association, vol. 23(1), pages 87-126, January.
    3. Hu, Jiamin & Li, Kailun & Xia, Yifei & Zhang, Jianing, 2023. "Gender diversity and financial flexibility: Evidence from China," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    4. Yung, Kenneth & Li, DeQing Diane & Jian, Yi, 2015. "The value of corporate financial flexibility in emerging countries," Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Elsevier, vol. 32, pages 25-41.
    5. Bao-Guang Chang & Kun-Shan Wu, 2021. "The nonlinear relationship between financial flexibility and enterprise risk-taking during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan’s semiconductor industry," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 12(2), pages 307-333, June.
    6. Chortareas, Georgios & Noikokyris, Emmanouil, 2021. "Investment, firm-specific uncertainty, and financial flexibility," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 192(C), pages 25-35.
    7. Hussein Abedi Shamsabadi & Byung-Seong Min & Richard Chung, 2016. "Corporate governance and dividend strategy: lessons from Australia," International Journal of Managerial Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 12(5), pages 583-610, October.
    8. Machokoto, Michael & Areneke, Geofry, 2020. "Does innovation and financial constraints affect the propensity to save in emerging markets?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    9. Koussis, Nicos & Martzoukos, Spiros H. & Trigeorgis, Lenos, 2017. "Corporate liquidity and dividend policy under uncertainty," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 221-235.
    10. Maurizio Rocca & Raffaele Staglianò & Tiziana Rocca & Alfio Cariola & Ekaterina Skatova, 2019. "Cash holdings and SME performance in Europe: the role of firm-specific and macroeconomic moderators," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 53(4), pages 1051-1078, December.
    11. Koussis, Nicos & Martzoukos, Spiros H. & Trigeorgis, Lenos, 2017. "Corporate liquidity and dividend policy under uncertainty," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 200-214.
    12. Machokoto, Michael & Chipeta, Chimwemwe & Aftab, Nadeem & Areneke, Geofry, 2021. "The financial conservatism of firms in emerging economies," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    13. Akindayomi, Akinloye & Amin, Md Ruhul, 2022. "Does business strategy affect dividend payout policies?," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 531-550.
    14. Dang, Viet Anh, 2013. "An empirical analysis of zero-leverage firms: New evidence from the UK," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 189-202.
    15. Saona, Paolo & Vallelado, Eleuterio & San Martín, Pablo, 2020. "Debt, or not debt, that is the question: A Shakespearean question to a corporate decision," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 378-392.
    16. Denis, David J., 2011. "Financial flexibility and corporate liquidity," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 667-674, June.
    17. Bontempi, Maria Elena & Bottazzi, Laura & Golinelli, Roberto, 2020. "A multilevel index of heterogeneous short-term and long-term debt dynamics," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    18. Seyed Alireza Athari, 2021. "The effects of institutional settings and risks on bank dividend policy in an emerging market: Evidence from Tobit model," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4493-4515, July.
    19. Booth, Laurence & Wang, Mengying & Zhou, Jun, 2019. "Import competition and financial flexibility: Evidence from corporate payout policy," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 382-396.
    20. Morais, Flávio & Serrasqueiro, Zélia & Ramalho, Joaquim J.S., 2022. "Capital structure speed of adjustment heterogeneity across zero leverage and leveraged European firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:gjofsm:v:21:y:2020:i:4:d:10.1007_s40171-020-00253-7. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.