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Chronic Childhood Stress: Psychometric Properties of the Chronic Stress Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (CSQ-CA) in Three Independent Samples

Author

Listed:
  • Esther I. Bruin

    (University of Amsterdam
    University of Amsterdam)

  • Dominik S. Sieh

    (University of Amsterdam
    University of Amsterdam
    Leiden University)

  • Bonne J. H. Zijlstra

    (University of Amsterdam)

  • Anne-Marie Meijer

    (University of Amsterdam)

Abstract

Stress in children and adolescents is common and related to many developmental problems. However, most studies have made no distinction between temporary or chronic stress due to the lack of a suitable questionnaire. This study tested the factor structure, reliability and validity of the 17-item self-report Chronic Stress Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (CSQ-CA) in three samples, that is, 717 adolescents from the general population, 161 adolescents of parents with a severe chronic medical condition (CMC) like multiple sclerosis, and 113 adolescents with healthy parents. Results showed that a one-factor solution provided a reasonable fit overall. Reliability was good (α = .80 to .88). Convergent validity was supported by positive relations between total stress scores and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, experience of daily hassles, and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and negative relations with quality of life, happiness, mindfulness, self-esteem, and coping skills. Adolescents from all samples, who themselves had a light CMC like asthma, showed higher chronic stress levels than those without a CMC. In line, adolescents of parents with a severe CMC reported more chronic stress than those of healthy parents, and adolescents with a chronic illness themselves and a parent with a chronic illness, showed the highest scores across the two family types. Overall, this study presents good psychometric properties of the first available measure of chronic stress in children and adolescents.

Suggested Citation

  • Esther I. Bruin & Dominik S. Sieh & Bonne J. H. Zijlstra & Anne-Marie Meijer, 2018. "Chronic Childhood Stress: Psychometric Properties of the Chronic Stress Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (CSQ-CA) in Three Independent Samples," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 11(4), pages 1389-1406, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:chinre:v:11:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s12187-017-9478-3
    DOI: 10.1007/s12187-017-9478-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Holly Schiffrin & S. Nelson, 2010. "Stressed and Happy? Investigating the Relationship Between Happiness and Perceived Stress," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 11(1), pages 33-39, March.
    2. Sonja Lyubomirsky & Heidi Lepper, 1999. "A Measure of Subjective Happiness: Preliminary Reliability and Construct Validation," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 46(2), pages 137-155, February.
    3. Chris Tkach & Sonja Lyubomirsky, 2006. "How Do People Pursue Happiness?: Relating Personality, Happiness-Increasing Strategies, and Well-Being," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 7(2), pages 183-225, June.
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    1. Giulia Landi & Kenneth Ian Pakenham & Mariagrazia Benassi & Sara Giovagnoli & Eliana Tossani & Silvana Grandi, 2021. "A Model of the Effects of Parental Illness on Youth Adjustment and Family Functioning: The Moderating Effects of Psychological Flexibility on Youth Caregiving and Stress," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-16, May.

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    Keywords

    Chronic; Childhood; Stress;
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