IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/revdev/v26y2021i1p83-103.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Are Banks in India Diversified Enough, Geographically, Across States and Economic Sectors?

Author

Listed:
  • Kalluru Siva Reddy

Abstract

This article, the first of its kind for the Indian economy, constructs lending environment portfolios of economic activities that banks in India have been faced with, for four Indian banking groups based on the extent of their operations in terms of their deposit shares in each state and the lending-portfolio mix of economic activities in those states. For empirical analysis, data on seven components of gross domestic product and state gross domestic product for 29 states from 1980–1981 to 2016–2017 were taken. The results reveal that the portfolio variances (risk) of the bank groups have declined in the last three decades. Compared to domestic private banks, the State Bank of India group and nationalised banks seem to have significantly reduced their environmental portfolio variability. Simulations to grasp the reasons for this geographic risk reduction show that structural economic reforms introduced in the early 1990s seem to have contributed more than changes in the banking structure in reducing the portfolio risk of banks.

Suggested Citation

  • Kalluru Siva Reddy, 2021. "Are Banks in India Diversified Enough, Geographically, Across States and Economic Sectors?," Review of Development and Change, , vol. 26(1), pages 83-103, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:revdev:v:26:y:2021:i:1:p:83-103
    DOI: 10.1177/09722661211005585
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09722661211005585
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/09722661211005585?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yildirim, Canan & Efthyvoulou, Georgios, 2018. "Bank value and geographic diversification: regional vs global," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 225-245.
    2. Berger, Allen N. & Hasan, Iftekhar & Zhou, Mingming, 2010. "The effects of focus versus diversification on bank performance: Evidence from Chinese banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(7), pages 1417-1435, July.
    3. Goetz, Martin R. & Laeven, Luc & Levine, Ross, 2016. "Does the geographic expansion of banks reduce risk?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 120(2), pages 346-362.
    4. Rossi, Stefania P.S. & Schwaiger, Markus S. & Winkler, Gerhard, 2009. "How loan portfolio diversification affects risk, efficiency and capitalization: A managerial behavior model for Austrian banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2218-2226, December.
    5. Cai, Weixing & Xu, Fangming & Zeng, Cheng, 2016. "Geographical diversification and bank performance: Evidence from China," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 147(C), pages 96-98.
    6. Viral V. Acharya & Iftekhar Hasan & Anthony Saunders, 2006. "Should Banks Be Diversified? Evidence from Individual Bank Loan Portfolios," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 79(3), pages 1355-1412, May.
    7. Jeffery W. Gunther & Kenneth J. Robinson, 1999. "Industry mix and lending environment variability: what does the average bank face," Economic and Financial Policy Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, issue Q II, pages 24-31.
    8. Andreja Bandelj, 2016. "Should banks be geographically diversified? Empirical evidence from cross-country diversification of European banks," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(2), pages 143-166, January.
    9. Elizabeth Laderman & Ronald H. Schmidt & Gary C. Zimmerman, 1991. "Bank branching and portfolio diversification," FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, issue sep6.
    10. Saiying (Esther) Deng & Elyas Elyasiani, 2008. "Geographic Diversification, Bank Holding Company Value, and Risk," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(6), pages 1217-1238, September.
    11. Douglas W. Diamond, 1984. "Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 51(3), pages 393-414.
    12. Liang, Nellie & Rhoades, Stephen A., 1988. "Geographic diversification and risk in banking," Journal of Economics and Business, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 271-284, November.
    13. Yeager, Timothy J., 2004. "The demise of community banks? Local economic shocks are not to blame," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(9), pages 2135-2153, September.
    14. repec:zbw:bofitp:2010_004 is not listed on IDEAS
    15. Yongqiang Chu & Saiying Deng & Cong Xia & Philip Strahan, 2020. "Bank Geographic Diversification and Systemic Risk," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 33(10), pages 4811-4838.
    16. Victor Aguirregabiria & Robert Clark & Hui Wang, 2016. "Diversification of geographic risk in retail bank networks: evidence from bank expansion after the Riegle-Neal Act," RAND Journal of Economics, RAND Corporation, vol. 47(3), pages 529-572, August.
    17. Andrew P. Meyer & Timothy J. Yeager, 2001. "Are small rural banks vulnerable to local economic downturns?," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, vol. 83(Mar), pages 25-38.
    18. Joseph P. Hughes & William W. Lang & Loretta J. Mester & Choon-Geol Moon, 1996. "Safety in numbers? Geographic diversification and bank insolvency risk," Working Papers 96-14, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    19. Martin R. Goetz, 2012. "Bank diversification, market structure and bank risk taking: theory and evidence from U.S. commercial banks," Supervisory Research and Analysis Working Papers QAU12-2, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.
    20. Evelyn Hayden & Daniel Porath & Natalja Westernhagen, 2007. "Does Diversification Improve the Performance of German Banks? Evidence from Individual Bank Loan Portfolios," Journal of Financial Services Research, Springer;Western Finance Association, vol. 32(3), pages 123-140, December.
    21. Shweta Sharma & Anand Anand, 2019. "Geographical diversification and bank performance: evidence from Indian banks," International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 69(3), pages 583-596, October.
    22. Tu DQ Le & Van TH Nguyen & Son H Tran & David McMillan, 2020. "Geographic loan diversification and bank risk: A cross-country analysis," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 8(1), pages 1809120-180, January.
    23. Saiying (Esther) Deng & Elyas Elyasiani, 2008. "Geographic Diversification, Bank Holding Company Value, and Risk," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 40(6), pages 1217-1238, September.
    24. Michelle Clark Neely & David C. Wheelock, 1997. "Why does bank performance vary across states?," Review, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, issue Mar, pages 27-40.
    25. Pennathur, Anita K. & Subrahmanyam, Vijaya & Vishwasrao, Sharmila, 2012. "Income diversification and risk: Does ownership matter? An empirical examination of Indian banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 2203-2215.
    26. Céline Meslier-Crouzille & Donald P. Morgan & Katherine Samolyk & Amine Tarazi, 2015. "The Benefits of Geographic Diversification in Banking," Working Papers hal-01155170, HAL.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zamore, Stephen & Beisland, Leif Atle & Mersland, Roy, 2019. "Geographic diversification and credit risk in microfinance," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    2. Duijm, Patty & Schoenmaker, Dirk, 2021. "European banks straddling borders: Risky or rewarding?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 38(C).
    3. Hueh-Chen Lin & Jiang-Chuan Huang & Chun-Fan You, 2022. "Bank Diversification and Financial Constraints on Firm Investment Decisions in a Bank-Based Financial System," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, September.
    4. Haykel Zouaoui & Faten Zoghlami, 2023. "What do we know about the impact of income diversification on bank performance? A systematic literature review," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 24(3), pages 286-309, September.
    5. Marinelli, Giuseppe & Nobili, Andrea & Palazzo, Francesco, 2022. "The multiple dimensions of bank complexity: Effects on credit risk-taking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    6. Tabak, Benjamin M. & Fazio, Dimas M. & Cajueiro, Daniel O., 2011. "The effects of loan portfolio concentration on Brazilian banks' return and risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 35(11), pages 3065-3076, November.
    7. Zamore, Stephen, 2018. "Should microfinance institutions diversify or focus? A global analysis," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 105-119.
    8. Cardozo, Pamela & Morales-Acevedo, Paola & Murcia, Andrés & Rosado, Alejandra, 2022. "Does the geographical complexity of the Colombian financial conglomerates increase banks’ risk? The role of diversification, regulatory arbitrage, and funding costs," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    9. Meslier, Céline & Morgan, Donald P. & Samolyk, Katherine & Tarazi, Amine, 2016. "The benefits and costs of geographic diversification in banking," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 287-317.
    10. Ross Levine & Chen Lin & Wensi Xie, 2021. "Geographic Diversification and Banks’ Funding Costs," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(5), pages 2657-2678, May.
    11. Nyola, Annick Pamen & Sauviat, Alain & Tarazi, Amine & Danisman, Gamze Ozturk, 2021. "How organizational and geographic complexity influence performance: Evidence from European banks," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    12. Anthony J. Glass & Karligash Kenjegalieva, 2023. "Dynamic returns to scale and geography in U.S. banking," Papers in Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 102(1), pages 53-85, February.
    13. Li, Zongyuan & Lai, Rose Neng, 2024. "Are “too big to fail” banks just different in size? – A study on systemic risk and stand-alone risk," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    14. Jeon, Bang Nam & Wu, Ji & Chen, Limei & Chen, Minghua, 2020. "Diversification, efficiency and risk of banks: New consolidating evidence from emerging economies," School of Economics Working Paper Series 2020-10, LeBow College of Business, Drexel University.
    15. Céline Meslier-Crouzille & Donald P. Morgan & Katherine Samolyk & Amine Tarazi, 2015. "The Benefits of Geographic Diversification in Banking," Working Papers hal-01155170, HAL.
    16. Zhang, Jingfang & Hartarska, Valentina & Malikov, Emir, 2021. "Product and geographic market diversification in U.S. banking," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    17. Yildirim, Canan & Efthyvoulou, Georgios, 2018. "Bank value and geographic diversification: regional vs global," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 225-245.
    18. Harimaya, Kozo & Ozaki, Yasufumi, 2021. "Effects of diversification on bank efficiency: Evidence from Shinkin banks in Japan," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 700-717.
    19. Šeho, Mirzet & Ibrahim, Mansor H. & Mirakhor, Abbas, 2021. "Does sectoral diversification of loans and financing improve bank returns and risk in dual-banking systems?," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 68(C).
    20. Wang, Chaochao & Dong, Yan & Ge, Ran, 2023. "Bank branching deregulation and the credit risk of the regional banking sector: Evidence from city commercial banks in China," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:revdev:v:26:y:2021:i:1:p:83-103. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.