IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/sae/evarev/v46y2022i3p266-295.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Analyzing the Nexus Between Geopolitical Risk, Policy Uncertainty, and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence From the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Umer Shahzad
  • Muhammad Ramzan
  • Muhammad Ibrahim Shah
  • Buhari DoÄŸan
  • Ahdi Noomen Ajmi

Abstract

This study attempts to explore the causal linkage of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic policy uncertainty, geopolitical risk, and tourism arrivals in the United States taking data from January to November 2020. In order to analyze the above relationship, this study uses a novel time-varying granger causality test developed by Shi et al. (2018) , which incorporates its three causality algorithms such as forward recursive causality, rolling causality, and recursive evolving causality. The findings from forward recursive causality could not confirm any significant causal relationship between COVID-19 and tourism, geopolitical risk (GPR) and tourism, economic policy uncertainty and tourism, and geopolitical risk and COVID-19 but found causality between economic policy uncertainty and COVID-19. The rolling window causality reported bidirectional causality between COVID-19 and tourism and unidirectional causality running from tourism to geopolitical risk. However, the recursive evolving causality identified a significant bidirectional causal relationship between all the variables. Based on the findings, policy implications for the tourism sector are provided.

Suggested Citation

  • Umer Shahzad & Muhammad Ramzan & Muhammad Ibrahim Shah & Buhari DoÄŸan & Ahdi Noomen Ajmi, 2022. "Analyzing the Nexus Between Geopolitical Risk, Policy Uncertainty, and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence From the United States," Evaluation Review, , vol. 46(3), pages 266-295, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:evarev:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:266-295
    DOI: 10.1177/0193841X221085355
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0193841X221085355
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1177/0193841X221085355?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chandan Sharma, 2021. "Testing the asymmetric effects of the economic policy uncertainty on the tourism demand in India," Tourism Economics, , vol. 27(4), pages 867-873, June.
    2. Hammoudeh, Shawkat & Ajmi, Ahdi Noomen & Mokni, Khaled, 2020. "Relationship between green bonds and financial and environmental variables: A novel time-varying causality," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    3. Claudiu Tiberiu Albulescu, 2020. "Do COVID-19 and crude oil prices drive the US economic policy uncertainty?," Working Papers hal-02509450, HAL.
    4. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Hoang, Thi Hong Van & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Roubaud, David, 2017. "Energy consumption, financial development and economic growth in India: New evidence from a nonlinear and asymmetric analysis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 199-212.
    5. Antonakakis, Nikolaos & Gupta, Rangan & Kollias, Christos & Papadamou, Stephanos, 2017. "Geopolitical risks and the oil-stock nexus over 1899–2016," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 165-173.
    6. Faruk Balli & Syed Jawad Hussain Shahzad & Gazi Salah Uddin, 2018. "A tale of two shocks: What do we learn from the impacts of economic policy uncertainties on tourism?," Post-Print hal-02044848, HAL.
    7. Dario Caldara & Matteo Iacoviello, 2022. "Measuring Geopolitical Risk," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 112(4), pages 1194-1225, April.
    8. Scott R. Baker & Nicholas Bloom & Steven J. Davis, 2016. "Measuring Economic Policy Uncertainty," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 131(4), pages 1593-1636.
    9. Mehmet Balcilar & Zeynel Abidin Ozdemir & Muhammad Shahbaz, 2019. "On the time‐varying links between oil and gold: New insights from the rolling and recursive rolling approaches," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(3), pages 1047-1065, July.
    10. Dragouni, Mina & Filis, George & Gavriilidis, Konstantinos & Santamaria, Daniel, 2016. "Sentiment, mood and outbound tourism demand," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 80-96.
    11. Ender Demir & Giray Gozgor & Sudharshan Reddy Paramati, 2019. "Do geopolitical risks matter for inbound tourism?," Eurasian Business Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 9(2), pages 183-191, June.
    12. Shuping Shi & Stan Hurn & Peter C B Phillips, 2020. "Causal Change Detection in Possibly Integrated Systems: Revisiting the Money–Income Relationship [Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in the United States]," Journal of Financial Econometrics, Society for Financial Econometrics, vol. 18(1), pages 158-180.
    13. Rabeh Khalfaoui & Sakiru Adebola Solarin & Adel Al-Qadasi & Sami Ben Jabeur, 2022. "Dynamic causality interplay from COVID-19 pandemic to oil price, stock market, and economic policy uncertainty: evidence from oil-importing and oil-exporting countries," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 105-143, June.
    14. Seungho Jung & Jongmin Lee & Seohyun Lee, 2021. "Geopolitical Risk on Stock Returns: Evidence from Inter-Korea Geopolitics," IMF Working Papers 2021/251, International Monetary Fund.
    15. Balcilar, Mehmet & Bonato, Matteo & Demirer, Riza & Gupta, Rangan, 2018. "Geopolitical risks and stock market dynamics of the BRICS," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 295-306.
    16. Shuping Shi & Peter C. B. Phillips & Stan Hurn, 2018. "Change Detection and the Causal Impact of the Yield Curve," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 39(6), pages 966-987, November.
    17. Fotiadis, Anestis & Polyzos, Stathis & Huan, Tzung-Cheng T.C., 2021. "The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 87(C).
    18. Demir, Ender & Gozgor, Giray, 2018. "Does economic policy uncertainty affect Tourism?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 15-17.
    19. Sharma, Gagan Deep & Sarker, Tapan & Rao, Amar & Talan, Gaurav & Jain, Mansi, 2022. "Revisiting conventional and green finance spillover in post-COVID world: Evidence from robust econometric models," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    20. Alam, Md. Samsul & Paramati, Sudharshan Reddy, 2016. "The impact of tourism on income inequality in developing economies: Does Kuznets curve hypothesis exist?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 111-126.
    21. Chien-Chiang Lee & Mei-Ping Chen, 2022. "The impact of COVID-19 on the travel and leisure industry returns: Some international evidence," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(2), pages 451-472, March.
    22. Swanson, Norman R., 1998. "Money and output viewed through a rolling window," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 41(3), pages 455-474, May.
    23. Sharif, Arshian & Aloui, Chaker & Yarovaya, Larisa, 2020. "COVID-19 pandemic, oil prices, stock market, geopolitical risk and policy uncertainty nexus in the US economy: Fresh evidence from the wavelet-based approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    24. Thoma, Mark A., 1994. "Subsample instability and asymmetries in money-income causality," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1-2), pages 279-306.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Hela B Hamida, 2024. "Cross-domain dynamics: How geopolitical and climate policy uncertainties shape tourism patterns in the United States," Tourism Economics, , vol. 30(7), pages 1835-1856, November.
    2. Lei, Wei & Yang, Jiaxin, 2022. "Does economic, political, and financial risk cause volatility in natural resources? Comparative study of China and Brazil," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    3. Ayad, Hicham & Abbas, Shujaat & Nakhli, Mohamed Sahbi & Jibir, Adamu & Shahzad, Umer, 2023. "Industrial growth, health care policy uncertainty and carbon emissions: Do trade and tax policy uncertainties matter for sustainable development in the USA?," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 151-160.
    4. Chi, Junwook, 2024. "Asymmetric effects of economic policy uncertainty and exchange rates on international air travel demand: The case from Hong Kong," Journal of Air Transport Management, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    5. Sun, Yizhong & Jin, Keyan & Wang, Deyong & Wu, Qingyang & Li, Zhezhou, 2023. "Revisiting the natural resources-financial development nexus in China: The importance of economic policy uncertainty," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PB).
    6. Xia, Mingli & Zhu, Guangfeng, 2024. "The importance of intellectual property: Analyzing the impact of resource efficiency improvements in the mineral sector," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    7. Wei Hu & Yue Shan & Yun Deng & Ningning Fu & Jian Duan & Haining Jiang & Jianzhen Zhang, 2023. "Geopolitical Risk Evolution and Obstacle Factors of Countries along the Belt and Road and Its Types Classification," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-24, January.
    8. Ferreira, João J. & Gomes, Sofia & Lopes, João M. & Zhang, Justin Z., 2023. "Ticking time bombs: The MENA and SSA regions' geopolitical risks," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 85(PA).
    9. Faik Bilgili & Emrah Koçak & Sevda Kuşkaya, 2023. "Dynamics and Co-movements Between the COVID-19 Outbreak and the Stock Market in Latin American Countries: An Evaluation Based on the Wavelet-Partial Wavelet Coherence Model," Evaluation Review, , vol. 47(4), pages 630-652, August.
    10. Mohammad Hadi Mahdinia & Mohammad Reza Mansouri Daneshvar, 2022. "Assessment of innovative strategies to improve the tourism sector in Iran," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 2(12), pages 1-21, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Long, Shaobo & Guo, Jiaqi, 2022. "Infectious disease equity market volatility, geopolitical risk, speculation, and commodity returns: Comparative analysis of five epidemic outbreaks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    2. Hong, Yun & Zhang, Rushan & Zhang, Feipeng, 2024. "Time-varying causality impact of economic policy uncertainty on stock market returns: Global evidence from developed and emerging countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    3. Chao Liang & Yanran Hong & Luu Duc Toan Huynh & Feng Ma, 2023. "Asymmetric dynamic risk transmission between financial stress and monetary policy uncertainty: thinking in the post-covid-19 world," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 60(4), pages 1543-1567, May.
    4. Tamilselvan, M. & Halder, Abhishek & Kannadhasan, M., 2024. "Exploring the ingredients, mixtures, and inclinations of geopolitical risk," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 187-206.
    5. Yonghong Jiang & Gengyu Tian & Yiqi Wu & Bin Mo, 2022. "Impacts of geopolitical risks and economic policy uncertainty on Chinese tourism‐listed company stock," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(1), pages 320-333, January.
    6. Hong, Yanran & Wang, Lu & Ye, Xiaoqing & Zhang, Yaojie, 2022. "Dynamic asymmetric impact of equity market uncertainty on energy markets: A time-varying causality analysis," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C), pages 535-546.
    7. Kamal, Javed Bin & Wohar, Mark & Kamal, Khaled Bin, 2022. "Do gold, oil, equities, and currencies hedge economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risks during covid crisis?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    8. Huo, Dongxia & Bagadeem, Salim & Elsherazy, Tarek Abbas & Nasnodkar, Siddhesh Prabhu & Kalra, Akash, 2023. "Renewable energy consumption and the rising effect of climate policy uncertainty: Fresh policy analysis from China," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 1459-1474.
    9. Fromentin, Vincent, 2022. "Time-varying causality between stock prices and macroeconomic fundamentals: Connection or disconnection?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 49(C).
    10. Alisa Kazakova & Insin Kim, 2021. "Geopolitical-Risk and Economic Policy—Uncertainty Impacts on Tourist Flows from Neighboring Countries: A Wavelet Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-13, December.
    11. James E Payne & Nicholas Apergis, 2022. "The influence of economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk on US citizens overseas air passenger travel by regional destination," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(5), pages 1333-1341, August.
    12. Fromentin, Vincent & Pecchioli, Bruno & Moroz, David, 2024. "Time-varying causality among whisky, wine, and equity markets," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    13. Xunfa Lu & Zhitao Ye & Kin Keung Lai & Hairong Cui & Xiao Lin, 2022. "Time-Varying Causalities in Prices and Volatilities between the Cross-Listed Stocks in Chinese Mainland and Hong Kong Stock Markets," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-19, February.
    14. Luo, Keyu & Ye, Yong, 2024. "How responsive are retail electricity prices to crude oil fluctuations in the US? Time-varying and asymmetric perspectives," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    15. Madaleno, Mara & Dogan, Eyup & Taskin, Dilvin, 2022. "A step forward on sustainability: The nexus of environmental responsibility, green technology, clean energy and green finance," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    16. Hassan F Gholipour & Robin Nunkoo & Behzad Foroughi & Hassan Kalantari Daronkola, 2022. "Economic policy uncertainty, consumer confidence in major economies and outbound tourism to African countries," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(4), pages 979-994, June.
    17. Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Stavroula Yfanti & Menelaos Karanasos & Jiaying Wu, 2024. "Financial integration and European tourism stocks," Chapters, in: Guglielmo M. Caporale (ed.), Handbook of Financial Integration, chapter 21, pages 495-538, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    18. James E Payne & Saban Nazlioglu & Andrea Mervar, 2023. "Economic policy uncertainty and international tourist arrivals: A disaggregated analysis of the Croatian Adriatic coast," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(4), pages 986-1004, June.
    19. Hong, Yanran & Cao, Shijiao & Xu, Pengfei & Pan, Zhigang, 2024. "Interpreting the effect of global economic risks on crude oil market: A supply-demand perspective," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    20. Adeosun, Opeoluwa Adeniyi & Tabash, Mosab I. & Anagreh, Suhaib, 2022. "Oil price and economic performance: Additional evidence from advanced economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sae:evarev:v:46:y:2022:i:3:p:266-295. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: SAGE Publications (email available below). General contact details of provider: .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.