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Anatomie de la croissance molle

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  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi

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[fre] Depuis le début des années quatre-vingt-dix, la croissance fut particulièrement faible en Europe, 1,3% en moyenne (1, 1 % pour la France). C'est la plus mauvaise performance, pour une période de cinq ans, depuis la seconde guerre mondiale. Cet article est consacré à une analyse des mécanismes qui produisent une croissance molle en nos pays et à la question de leur pérennité. Le processus de la croissance faible est engendré par une modification des rapports de forces entre acteurs sur les marchés, dont le premier signe fut une élévation brutale et durable des taux d'intérêt réels longs. Domination des « créanciers » sur les marchés financiers et domination des entrepreneurs sur le marché du travail sont les caractéristiques du temps présent. Elles sont la conséquence à la fois de la globalisation financière et de politiques monétaires qui furent, jusqu'à une période récente, trop restrictives. L 'emploi et l'investissement apparaissent comme les principales variables d'ajustement pour des entreprises contraintes de se désendetter. Alors que l'atonie de l'investissement et l'aggravation du chômage conduisent aux déficits publics et sociaux et à l'endettement des Etats. La tutelle des marchés financiers sur la politiques économique n'en devient que plus lourde. Mais ce déséquilibre des rapports de force n'a rien d'irréversible et il n'implique ni résignation, ni renoncement à notre système de protection sociale. Il est en effet possible de concevoir des politiques susceptibles de rétablir l'équilibre des forces, qui seul est compatible avec la démocratie de marché, système dont l'article cherche à dessiner les contours. Comme les trente glorieuses que nous avons connu, les « vingt médiocres » qui viennent de s'écouler peuvent n'être que la conséquence de facteurs spécifiques, historiquement datés et qu'il serait erroné de projeter dans le futur. Il se pourrait ainsi que l'avenir de la croissance soit beaucoup plus dégagé qu'on ne le croit et qu'on ne le dit. A condition que l'on en comprenne les ressorts profonds, et que l'on cesse d'opposer l'économique et le social : leur intersection forme, au contraire, le lieu privilégié de la démocratie. [eng] The future of growth Jean-Paul Fitoussi Since the beginning of the 90s, growth has been particularly weak in Europe, 1,3% on average (1,1% for France). It is the worst performance for a five years period since WW2. This paper tries to study the mechanisms which generate soft growth in our countries, and to answer the question of their likely duration. The process of soft growth is seen as a consequence of a change in the balance of powers on several markets. Domination of creditors on financial markets, and of firms on labour markets are characteristics of our time. They are the consequence of both financial markets' globalization and of, until recently, too restrictive monetary policies. Employment and investment are then the main adjustment's variables for the firms which are constrained to reduce their indebtness. Both the weakness of investment and mounting unemployment lead to increased public and social deficits and to increased public debt. Thus the tutelage by financial markets on economic policy became stronger. But this change in the balance of powers is not irreversible and it does not imply that we look for solutions of resignation, neither that we give up our system of social protection. It is possible to devise policies to reestablish a balance of powers, which is more consistent with market democracy, system that the paper try to define.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1996. "Anatomie de la croissance molle," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 59(1), pages 213-244.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1996_num_59_1_1439
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1996.1439
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1996.1439
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    1. Andrew B. Abel & N. Gregory Mankiw & Lawrence H. Summers & Richard J. Zeckhauser, 1989. "Assessing Dynamic Efficiency: Theory and Evidence," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 56(1), pages 1-19.
    2. Edmund Phelps & Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1988. "The slump in Europe : reconstructing open economy theory," Post-Print hal-03393283, HAL.
    3. Pierre Rosanvallon & Jean-Paul Fitoussi, 1996. "Le nouvel âge des inégalités," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03573357, HAL.
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    1. repec:spo:wpmain:info:hdl:2441/6492 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Henri Sterdyniak & Gaël Dupont & Alexis Dantec, 1999. "Les retraites en France : que faire ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 68(1), pages 19-81.
    3. Jean-Luc Gaffard, 1997. "Anatomie de la croissance molle : un commentaire," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 61(1), pages 229-248.
    4. Annamaria Simonazzi & Paola Villa, 1999. "Flexibility and Growth," International Review of Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 13(3), pages 281-311.
    5. Catherine Bruno & Catherine Fuss, 2000. "Ajustement sur les marchés du travail et lutte contre le chômage [En Allemagne, en France et aux États-Unis]," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 74(1), pages 159-179.
    6. Jacky Fayolle, 1999. "D'une mondialisation à l'autre," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 69(1), pages 161-206.
    7. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/6492 is not listed on IDEAS
    8. Jacky Fayolle & Paul-Emmanuel Micolet, 1997. "Réalité et déboires de l'espace conjoncturel européen : une régulation sans croissance ?," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 5-28.
    9. Jacky Fayolle & Paul-Emmanuel Micolet, 1997. "Cycles internationaux : éléments pour une problématique appliquée," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 62(1), pages 109-150.
    10. Thierry Pouch, 1997. "Croissance molle : crise capitaliste ou crise de la pensée économique ? Une réponse à Jean-Paul Fitoussi," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 61(1), pages 249-257.

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