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La protection sociale en Fédération de Russie

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  • Jacques Le Cacheux
  • Sandrine Cazes

Abstract

[fre] Les réformes mises en œuvre en Russie dans le cadre de la transition vers l'économie de marchés ont engendré une détérioration sensible des conditions de vie de la population. Les hausses consécutives à la libération des prix décrétée en janvier 1992, la persistance d'une inflation très soutenue et l'effondrement apparent de la production ont entraîné un appauvrissement absolu. Mais au delà, il semble que les inégalités se sont profondément creusées, les efforts du gouvernement pour réduire les dépenses publiques ne faisant qu'aggraver cette tendance, dans la mesure où ils ont porté principalement sur les salaires des fonctionnaires, les pensions et des secteurs tels que l'éducation publique et la santé. Depuis trois ans, certaines réformes ont été introduites dans le système fédéral de protection sociale ; mais celui-ci demeure gravement défaillant dans plusieurs domaines essentiels. En revanche, les entreprises, traditionnellement très impliquées dans la satisfaction des besoins sociaux de leurs salariés, et les autorités républicaines et locales ont eu tendance à accroître leur rôle social. De ce fait, le système actuel est profondément discriminant : les inégalités régionales de niveau de vie, de capacités économiques et financières risquent d'engendrer d'importantes disparités ; en outre, les inégalités tendent à se creuser entre inactifs et salariés, d'une part, et au sein de ce groupe, d'autre part, entre ceux qui ont la chance d'avoir un emploi dans une entreprise « paternaliste » et les autres, qu'il s'agisse des fonctionnaires, des chômeurs ou des salariés des petites entreprises privées nouvellement créées. La dégradation des conditions de vie de certaines catégories de la population est telle qu'il faut impérativement prendre certaines mesures d'urgence — notamment en matière de soins de santé, d'aide sociale, etc. — même si elles ne semblent pas aller dans le sens de la libéralisation de l'économie. Mais il convient également d'imaginer la manière dont le système actuel pourrait évoluer, à moyen-long terme, en accompagnant l'extension des relations marchandes pour assurer une protection sociale efficace dans un contexte économique qui devrait différer encore longtemps de celui des économies occidentales de marché. [eng] Social Protection in the Russian Federation Sandrine Cazes and Jacques Le Cacheux The transition towards a market economy in Russia began in January 1992 with the liberalization of wages and prices. The high inflation persisting throughout the year and the collapse of GDP led to absolute falls in income and wealth levels. In addition, the reform programme has amplified inequality : this was partly due to the reduction in government expenditures (education and health services), withdrawal of subsidies and worsening in the position of the pensioners and state employees. The recent evolution of the social protection system indicates that enterprises still play a determinant role in social protection ; local authorities perform also a dominant role, by providing, for example, subsidies. Hence, the financial status of both enterprises and local authorities may lead to growing differences amongst households and amongst regions of the Russian Federation. The acceleration in the extent of poverty in Russia is an area for concern with regard to transition ; it should therefore be tackled through well-designed targeted short-run measures. It is also important to think the overall architecture of the Russian social security system.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Le Cacheux & Sandrine Cazes, 1994. "La protection sociale en Fédération de Russie," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 49(1), pages 177-206.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1994_num_49_1_1366
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1994.1366
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1994.1366
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sandrine Cazes & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1991. "Inégalités de revenu, pauvreté et protection sociale en Union soviétique," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 38(1), pages 143-205.
    2. Atkinson,Anthony Barnes & Micklewright,John, 1992. "Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521438827, September.
    3. Mr. Vincent Koen & Mr. Steven T Phillips, 1992. "Price Liberalization in Russia: The Early Record," IMF Working Papers 1992/092, International Monetary Fund.
    4. Athar Hussain & Nicholas Stern, 1993. "The Role of the State, Ownership and Taxation in Transitional Economies," The Economics of Transition, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, vol. 1(1), pages 61-87, January.
    5. Doyle, Christopher, 1993. "The Distributional Consequences of Russia's Transition," CEPR Discussion Papers 839, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    6. Jacques Le Cacheux & Sandrine Cazes, 1994. "Échanges extérieurs et paiements dans les Républiques de la CEI," Revue Économique, Programme National Persée, vol. 45(3), pages 561-574.
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