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Inégalités de revenu, pauvreté et protection sociale en Union soviétique

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  • Sandrine Cazes
  • Jacques Le Cacheux

Abstract

[fre] Les bouleversements en cours en Union soviétique devraient avoir, au-delà de leurs conséquences macroéconomiques et extérieures souvent évoquées dans les analyses récentes, une incidence profonde sur les inégalités de revenu entre les ménages soviétiques et entre les Républiques. A la veille des réformes entreprises par M. Gorbatchev, le système soviétique de répartition, bien que fondé sur des principes égalitaristes, engendrait des disparités substantielles : un éventail assez large des salaires, des inégalités sensibles de revenu et de niveau de vie et, quels que soient les critères choisis, une pauvreté endémique pour une fraction importante de la population. En outre, la comparaison des données de répartition par République révèle une profonde hétérogénéité des situations régionales, notamment un clivage net entre les Républiques du nord — relativement plus riches et plus égalitaires — et les Républiques du sud — plus pauvres et plus inégalitaires. Le système de protection sociale préexistant, parce qu'il n'avait pour ambition que de compléter les mécanismes de répartition issus de la détermination centralisée des salaires et des prix, ne pourra pas survivre à la transformation économique en cours. Les divers programmes de transition vers l'économie de marché, qui ont été proposés au cours des deux dernières années, prévoyaient tous une libéralisation des salaires et des prix et une refonte complète du système de protection sociale. Alors que certaines mesures importantes avaient déjà été adoptées, les événements récents ont remis en cause l'architecture même du système et la plus grande incertitude demeure quant à son évolution. [eng] The dramatic political and institutional changes now occurring in the Soviet Union are likely to have profound consequences on income distribution amongst households, as well as amongst Republics. Even before the onset of the current reform wave had been initiated by M. Gorbatchev, the mechanisms determining income distribution in the Soviet Union were generating substantial inequalities, in spite of their stated egalitarian inspiration. The spread of wage differentials was relatively wide ; incomes and living standards were characterized by a large dispersion across individual households ; and an important fraction of the population was living in poverty, as conventionnally defined. Moreover the Republican data on income distribution reveal a fair amount of heterogeneity in regional conditions : a clear distinction emerges between north-western Republics — relatively richer and more egalitarian — and south-eastern Republics — poorer and with a larger dispersion of incomes. The social security system that was in place before the start of current reforms had been designed for the modest assignment of filling the loopholes in the centralized system of distribution through wage and price controls. As such, it cannot possibly survive the transition to a market economy. The various programs aiming at this transformation all advocate price and wage liberalization ; they all include a complete overhaul of the social safety net. A number of legislation changes had already been carried out before last August coup ; but the recent political developments have questioned the overall architecture of the Soviet economic system and the future evolution of the social safety net is presently quite hard to predict.

Suggested Citation

  • Sandrine Cazes & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1991. "Inégalités de revenu, pauvreté et protection sociale en Union soviétique," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 38(1), pages 143-205.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1991_num_38_1_1685
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1991.1685
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1991.1685
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Michael Ellman, 1990. "A note on the distribution of income in the USSR under Gorbachev," Europe-Asia Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(1), pages 147-148.
    2. Bergson, Abram, 1984. "Income Inequality under Soviet Socialism," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 22(3), pages 1052-1099, September.
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    1. Jacques Le Cacheux & Sandrine Cazes, 1994. "La protection sociale en Fédération de Russie," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 49(1), pages 177-206.

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