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Réformes financières et convertibilité des monnaies dans les économies de l'Est

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  • Jacques Le Cacheux

Abstract

[fre] La réforme des institutions et mécanismes monétaires et financiers, et le passage à la convertibilité des monnaies constituent des éléments essentiels du processus de transition engagé dans les économies de l'Est et de leur ouverture sur les marchés mondiaux des biens et des capitaux. Ces économies étaient en effet caractérisées, jusqu'à récemment, par des régimes monétaires internes dans lesquels la monnaie n'avait qu'un rôle passif de validation des décisions, planifiées centralement, concernant les flux réels, et par un bilatéralisme des paiements extérieurs dû à l 'inconvertibilité des monnaies. Ces modes de régulation monétaire ont engendré de profonds déséquilibres internes et constituent un obstacle majeur au développement des échanges extérieurs. Un bref examen des fonctions essentielles que doit remplir un système monétaire et financier satisfaisant suggère que la réforme monétaire ne peut être menée indépendamment de modifications institutionnelles profondes dans d'autres domaines. L'échec des tentatives de réformes partielles observées dans plusieurs pays de l'Est au cours des deux dernières décennies tend à conforter ce diagnostic. Parmi les enseignements à tirer de ces échecs, l'instauration d'une contrainte budgétaire « dure » pour les principaux acteurs — entreprises et État — apparaît comme un élément déterminant de la réussite du processus de transition. Mais il n'est pas forcément indispensable de mettre en place d'emblée un système complet de marchés financiers. De même, en matière de paiements extérieurs, le passage immédiat à la convertibilité n'est pas toujours souhaitable et pourrait se révéler impraticable pour certains pays. La structure particulière des échanges et paiements extérieurs héritée du Conseil d'assistance économique mutuelle (CAEM, ou COMECON) et les déséquilibres qui pourraient en résulter semblent plaider en faveur de l'institution d'un système régional de paiements. L'usage d'une devise convertible dans les opérations de compensation multilatérale entre pays apparaît souhaitable et Г Ecu européen aurait, pour tenir ce rôle, des atouts évidents. [eng] Reforming monetary and financial institutions and mechanisms and establishing currency convertibility are two major elements in the transition process currently under way in Eastern European economies and in their opening up to world markets for goods and capital. Indeed until recently these economies have operated under internal monetary regimes in which money only served as a passive counterpart of centrally planned decisions concerning real flows, while external payments were organized according to bilateralism, due to currency inconvertibility. These monetary mechanisms have created major internal imbalances and stand in the way of any expansion of foreign external relations. A brief review of the essential roles of a well-functioning monetary and financial system suggests that the reform of monetary mechanisms cannot succeed without profound institutional changes in other sectors of the economy. The failure of previous attempts at partial reform made in several Eastern European countries in the past two decades confirm this diagnosis. Among the lessons that can be learned from such failures, it clearly appears that enforcing a « hard budget contraint » on major economic units — enterprises and the state — is crucial for the success of any transition to market mechanisms. However, creating of complete set of financial markets is not necessarily required. As to external payments, the immediate establishment of convertibility is not always desirable and might even prove infeasible in some cases. The specific structure of external trade and payments that has been inherited from the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECOM) and the major imbalances that are likely to result from the transition process seem to favor the creation of a regional payments system. The need to use a convertible currency in the multilateral compensation scheme to be put in place under such a regional system points to the possibility of using the European Ecu as a base for credit facilities in an Eastern European Payments Union.

Suggested Citation

  • Jacques Le Cacheux, 1990. "Réformes financières et convertibilité des monnaies dans les économies de l'Est," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 34(1), pages 239-264.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1990_num_34_1_1227
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1990.1227
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1990.1227
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Françoise Milewski, 1990. "Les enjeux de l'ouverture à l'Est pour l'économie mondiale," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 34(1), pages 157-194.
    2. Olivier Passet, 1990. "Allemagne : la nouvelle frontière," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 32(1), pages 27-71.
    3. Michael C. Burda, 1990. "Les conséquences de l'union économique et monétaire de l'Allemagne," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 34(1), pages 215-238.
    4. Alan Kirman & Lucrezia Reichlin, 1990. "L'aide aux pays de l'Est : les leçons du plan Marshall," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 34(1), pages 281-325.
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