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Ruptures et continuités dans l'orientation des politiques macroéconomiques des pays de l'OCDE

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  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi
  • Jacques Le Cacheux

Abstract

[fre] La situation économique du monde est certes l'héritage des différents chocs et bouleversements structurels qui ont marqué les quinze dernières années. Mais alors que ces chocs avaient jusqu'à la fin des années soixante-dix des conséquences similaires dans la plupart des pays de l'OCDE, ils semblent depuis s'être accompagnés d'évolutions contrastées. L'Europe, à l'inverse des Etats-Unis notamment, semble se complaire dans une croissance molle destructrice d'emploi, dans une gestion austère des finances publiques, et se délecte de désinflation. Une hypothèse de travail surgit alors naturellement : et si aux différents événements « externes » qui ont pesé sur l'évolution de l'emploi dans les pays européens s'était ajouté une modification d'ordre interne, un changement institutionnel pourrait-on dire, au terme duquel la situation présente apparaîtrait plus choisie que subie ? La faible croissance, la stagnation de l'investissement productif, le niveau élevé du chômage en Europe dans les années quatre-vingt seraient, selon cette hypothèse, en partie la conséquence d'un changement des préférences des décideurs politiques : non seulement, semble-t-il, la désinflation et l'équilibre extérieur deviennent prioritaires, mais les actes, les faits et les discours se rejoignent pour signifier que l'emploi et la croissance ne peuvent plus être l'objet d'une politique macroéconomique. Le présent article tente d'étayer cette hypothèse de travail en mettant les développements économiques récents en perspective et en confrontant le discours des gouvernements sur les objectifs de la politique économique aux politiques effectivement mises en œuvre, aux doctrines qui en constituaient l'environnement intellectuel et aux performances des économies. De l'analyse des vingt-cinq dernières années, se dégagent deux impressions majeures : celle d'une grande continuité pour l'essentiel au Japon et aux Etats-Unis ; celle d'une rupture, à certains égards radicale, en Europe au tournant des années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt. Certes il est toujours possible d'affirmer que les choix furent contraints et que les gouvernements ont fait ce qu'ils ont pu pour maîtriser les conséquences d'événements sur lesquels ils n'avaient aucune prise. Mais cette affirmation ne résiste pas à une analyse détaillée de l'environnement des politiques économiques de la période. Depuis trois ans les circonstances extérieures — baisse du dollar, du prix du pétrole, volonté des Etats-Unis d'abaisser les taux d'intérêt — ont largement accru les marges de manœuvre des politiques économiques en Europe. Et pourtant ces dernières n'ont pas été infléchies ! Les politiques restrictives ne semblent plus avoir le caractère conjoncturel qu'elles possédaient dans le passé ; elles deviennent structurelles. Le SME notamment fonctionne comme un moyen de produire de la désinflation, mais aussi comme un inhibiteur de croissance. Les excédents européens et les déficits américains sont pour partie la conséquence d'une croissance trop faible en Europe. Il semble que sous la contrainte des événements boursiers de ces derniers mois, les gouvernements envisagent de réviser les orientations de leur politique économique. Cet article a pour ambition de contribuer au débat qui présidera à ces révisions. Il est bon en effet que soient aussi discutés les objectifs de la politique économique. [eng] Change and Continuity in the Orientation of OECD Countries' Macroeconomic Policies Jean-Paul Fitoussi, Jacques Le Cacheux The current world economic situation is obviously the inheritance of the various shocks and structural changes that occurred over the past fifteen years. However, whereas these shocks had had similar consequences on the major OECD countries until the end of the seventies, they seem to have been followed by very diverse evolutions since then. Especially when compared with the United States, Europe is experiencing slow growth, together with negative net job creation, having opted for orthodox financial policies and seemingly over-indulging in disinflation. One is then led to ask the following question : May it be that, on top of the various « external » disturbances that adversely affected employment in European countries, an internal event — some institutional change — happened, which would make the current situation the result of choice ? According to this hypothesis, slow growth, stagnating productive investment, and high unemployment in Europe in the eighties would result partly from a change in policy-makers' preferences : not only have disinflation and external balance become priorities, but policies, facts and rhetoric converge to show that employment and economic growth can no longer be considered as objectives for macroeconomic policy-making. This paper tries to substantiate this hypothesis by putting recent developments into historical perspective, and by confronting governments' discourse on economic policy objectives with actually implemented policies, with changing economic doctrines, and with the actual performances of the various economies. When looking at the past twenty-five years, two major impressions emerge : that of continuity, for the most part, in Japan and the United States ; that of a break, radical in some respects, in Europe at the turn of the decade. One may hold the view that the choices were constrained, and that European governments did their best to master the consequences of events on which they actually had no influence. However, such statements do not survive a detailed examination of the policy environment during this period. During the last three years, external circumstances — the fall of the dollar and of oil prices, the US authorities' willingness to encourage an interest rate decline — have considerably widened the margin of manœuver of European economic policies. Yet, these policies have not been altered ! Restrictive policies no longer seem to be temporary, as in the past ; they are becoming permanent. In particular, the EMS functions as a means of producing disinflation, but also as a repressor of growth. Current account surpluses in Europe and deficits in the United States are partly the outcome of too slow growth in Europe. It now seems that, under the pressure of the recent financial disturbances, governments are contemplating a change in economic policy

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1988. "Ruptures et continuités dans l'orientation des politiques macroéconomiques des pays de l'OCDE," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 22(1), pages 131-164.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1988_num_22_1_1124
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1988.1124
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1988.1124
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    1. Jeffrey D. Sachs, 1985. "The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1985," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 16(1), pages 117-197.
    2. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1985. "De la stagflation à la dépression," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 12(1), pages 157-176.
    3. Jeffrey Sachs, 1985. "The Dollar and the Policy Mix: 1985," NBER Working Papers 1636, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Christian de Boissieu & Alain Gubian, 1984. "Les indicateurs de la politique budgétaire et fiscale. Application au cas français," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 9(1), pages 81-124.
    5. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux & François Lecointe & Christian Vasseur, 1986. "Taux d'intérêt réels et activité économique," SciencePo Working papers Main hal-03393176, HAL.
    6. De Grauwe, Paul, 1987. "International trade and economic growth in the european monetary system," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-2), pages 389-398.
    7. Blanchard, Olivier J. & Summers, Lawrence H., 1987. "Hysteresis in unemployment," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 31(1-2), pages 288-295.
    8. Jacques Le Cacheux & Christian Vasseur, 1985. "Endettement extérieur et politique économique," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 13(1), pages 149-184.
    9. repec:hal:spmain:info:hdl:2441/5949 is not listed on IDEAS
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    2. Jean-Paul Fitoussi & Jacques Le Cacheux, 1989. "Une théorie des années quatre-vingt," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 29(1), pages 117-160.
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