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Chômage et politique de l'emploi 1981-1983

Author

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  • Jean-François Colin
  • Mireille Elbaum
  • Alain Fonteneau

Abstract

[fre] Cet article tente d'expliquer pourquoi et comment la faible progression du chômage entre la mi-1982 et les derniers mois de 1983 a été possible. Pour ce faire nous examinons les divers dispositifs de lutte contre le chômage mis en place par les pouvoirs publics au cours des années 1981-1983, en proposant une évaluation de leur impact sur la variation du chômage. D'après nos estimations, l'ensemble des mesures ont permis de freiner la hausse annuelle moyenne des demandeurs d'emplois de 150 000 personnes en 1981, 260 000 personnes en 1982 et 275 000 personnes en 1983. La politique « active » de l'emploi — créations d'emplois publics, réduction de la durée du travail, aides aux créations d'emplois et politique macroéconomique — a représenté 50 % des chômeurs évités en 1981, 72 % en 1982 mais seulement 37 % en 1983. La politique de formation et les dispositifs de cessation anticipée d'activité — garanties de ressources, contrats de solidarité — ont permis de freiner la hausse du chômage d'environ 60 000 personnes par an en 1981-1982 et 125 000 en 1983, soit respectivement 44 %, 24 % et 46 % du total des chômeurs évités. Les opérations menées par l'ANPE sur les chômeurs de longue durée ont permis d'éviter 15 000 chômeurs en 1982 et 45 000 en 1983. Même si ces évaluations restent de simples ordres de grandeur, elles montrent que les dispositifs de lutte contre le chômage ont eu un impact important. Toutefois, ils ont maintenant atteint leur effet maximum et il est à craindre que les mois qui viennent soient nettement moins favorables sur le front du chômage, sauf si tout ou partie des mesures qui ont été prises au cours de la période étudiée sont reconduites et amplifiées, en particulier la réduction de la durée du travail (y compris le développement du temps choisi). [eng] This article attempts to explain why and how the low progression of unemployment between mid 1982 and the last months of 1983 was made possible. We shall therefore examine the different devices installed by the government from 1981 through 1983 to fight unemployment, and we shall propose an evaluation of their impact on unemployment changes. According to our estimates, the body of measures enables to slow down the average annual rise of registered work applicants by 150 000 persons in 1981, 260 000 in 1982 and 275 000 in 1983. The « active » employment policy — creation of public employments, reduction of the work period, aid to the creation of employments and macro-economic policy — represented 50 % of would be unemployed workers in 1981, 72 % in 1982 but only 37 % in 1983. The training policy and the devices of anticipated cessation of activity — income guarantees, solidarity contracts — enabled to slow down the rise of unemployment by about 60 000 persons a year in 1981-1982 and 125 000 in 1983, or respectively 44 %, 24 % and 46 % of the total would be unemployed workers. The operations lead by the National Employment Agency (ANPE) on long term unemployed workers enabled to avoid 15 000 unemployed workers in 1982 and 45 000 in 1983. Even if these evaluations remain simple orders of magnitude, they do show that the devises used to fight unemployment have had an important impact. Nonetheless, they have now attained their maximum effect, and it may be much less gratifying on the unemployment front, unless all or a part of the measures that were undertaken over the period studied here are renewed and amplified, in particular the reduction of the work period (including the development of flexible hours).

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-François Colin & Mireille Elbaum & Alain Fonteneau, 1984. "Chômage et politique de l'emploi 1981-1983," Revue de l'OFCE, Programme National Persée, vol. 7(1), pages 95-122.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:rvofce:ofce_0751-6614_1984_num_7_1_979
    DOI: 10.3406/ofce.1984.979
    Note: DOI:10.3406/ofce.1984.979
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Olivier Marchand & Daniel Rault & Etienne Turpin, 1983. "Des 40 heures aux 39 heures : processus et réactions des entreprises," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 154(1), pages 3-15.
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