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La dynamique des écarts de revenu sur le territoire métropolitain (1984-2002)

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  • Luc Behaghel

Abstract

[eng] The broad stability of income gaps (after transfer payments and before taxes) observed in metropolitan France (mainland + Corsica) between 1984 and 2002 masks signifi cant local divergences. First, outside the Paris region, the gap consistently narrowed between urban clusters on the one hand and peri-urban and rural areas on the other. Second, within these three different types of areas, inequalities seem to move on different paths: their growth is stronger in urban clusters than in periurban and rural areas. The catch-up in peri-urban and rural areas is explained statistically by the convergence of three types of spaces (defi ned in terms of socio-occupational composition) and by the fact that employment-status trends are more favourable for peri-urban and rural households than for urban ones. It is harder to offer a statistical explanation for the contrasting trends in income dispersion within each spatial category. These changes are more subtle and more erratic, and the share assigned to each component depends on the order in which the breakdown is performed. However, there is one robust result: the more inegalitarian trend in urban clusters is partly due to the ever-sharper contrasts in their populations’ socio-occupational composition and employment access. [fre] La stabilité globale des écarts de revenu (après transferts et avant impôt) observée en France, entre 1984 et 2002, masque des évolutions signifi catives au sein du territoire. Tout d’abord, hors Île-de-France, l’écart se résorbe systématiquement entre pôles urbains, d’une part, et entre espaces périurbain et rural, d’autre part. Ensuite, au sein de ces trois différents espaces, les inégalités semblent prendre des trajectoires différentes: elles croissent davantage dans les pôles urbains que dans les communes des espaces périurbain et rural. Le rattrapage effectué par les espaces périurbain et rural s’explique statistiquement par la convergence des trois types d’espaces en termes de composition socioprofessionnelle et par le fait que les statuts d’emploi évoluent plus favorablement pour les ménages périurbains et ruraux que pour les ménages des pôles urbains. Il est plus diffi cile de rendre compte statistiquement des évolutions contrastées de la dispersion des revenus au sein de chaque espace: ces évolutions sont plus ténues, plus erratiques et la part attribuée aux différentes composantes dépend de l’ordre dans laquelle la décomposition est menée. Un résultat ressort néanmoins avec robustesse: la tendance plus inégalitaire au sein des pôles urbains tient en partie à la composition de plus en plus contrastée de la population en termes de catégories socioprofessionnelles et d’accès à l’emploi. La dynamique des écarts de revenu sur le territoire métropolitain (1984-2002) [ger] Die globale Stabilität der Einkommensunterschiede (nach Transfers und vor Steuern) in Frankreich zwischen 1984 und 2002 maskiert wichtige Entwicklungen. Außer in der Pariser Region verringern sich die Unterschiede zwischen einerseits städtischen Polen und andererseits Gebieten am Standrand und auf dem Land systematisch. Innerhalb dieser drei unterschiedlichen Räume nehmen die Ungleichheiten eine unterschiedliche Entwicklung: In den städtischen Polen nehmen sie mehr als in den Gebieten am Standrand und auf dem Land zu. Statistisch erklären lässt sich der Aufholprozess in den Gebieten am Standrand und auf dem Land durch die Konvergenz dieser drei Arten von Räumen im Hinblick auf die sozioprofessionelle Zusammensetzung sowie durch die Tatsache, dass sich die Beschäftigungslage für die Haushalte in den Gebieten am Standrand und auf dem Land günstiger entwickelt als für die Haushalte in den städtischen Polen. Schwerer ist es, die unterschiedlichen Entwicklungen der Einkommensstreuung innerhalb eines jeden Raums statistisch zu erklären. Denn diese Entwicklungen sind weniger ausgeprägt und erratischer und der Anteil, der den verschiedenen Komponenten zuzuordnen ist, hängt davon ab, in welcher Reihenfolge die Zerlegung vorgenommen wird. Dennoch erhält man ein robustes Ergebnis: Die Zunahme der Ungleichheiten innerhalb der städtischen Pole ist zum Teil auf die unterschiedlichere Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung im Hinblick auf die sozioprofessionellen Merkmale und den Zugang zur Beschäftigung zurückzuführen. [spa] La estabilidad global de las desviaciones de renta (después de transferencias y antes de impuestos), observada en Francia, entre 1984 y 2002, esconde evoluciones signifi cativas en el seno del territorio. Ante todo, salvo Île-de-France, la desviación se reabsorbe sistemáticamente entre polos urbanos, por una parte, y entre espacios periurbano y rural, por otra parte. Además, en el seno de estos tres distintos espacios, las desigualdades parecen tomar trayectorias diferentes: crecen más en los polos urbanos que en los municipios de los espacios periurbano y rural. La recuperación efectuada por los espacios periurbano y rural se explica estadísticamente por la convergencia de los tres tipos de espacios en términos de composición socioprofesional y por el hecho de que los estados de empleo evolucionan más favorablemente para los hogares periurbanos y rurales que para los hogares de los polos urbanos. Es más difícil dar cuenta estadísticamente de la evolución contrastada de la dispersión de las rentas dentro de cada espacio: estas evoluciones son más tenues, más erráticas y la parte atribuida a los diferentes componentes depende del orden en el que se lleve a cabo la descomposición. No obstante, un resultado destaca con fuerza: la tendencia más no igualitaria en el seno de los polos urbanos se debe en parte a la composición cada vez más contrastada de la población en términos de categorías socioprofesionales y de acceso al empleo.

Suggested Citation

  • Luc Behaghel, 2008. "La dynamique des écarts de revenu sur le territoire métropolitain (1984-2002)," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 415(1), pages 97-120.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2008_num_415_1_7022
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2008.7022
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2008.7022
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    1. Oaxaca, Ronald, 1973. "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 14(3), pages 693-709, October.
    2. Cowell, F.A., 2000. "Measurement of inequality," Handbook of Income Distribution, in: A.B. Atkinson & F. Bourguignon (ed.), Handbook of Income Distribution, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 2, pages 87-166, Elsevier.
    3. Luc Behaghel, 2006. "La dynamique des inégalités de revenu en France rurale et urbaine (1984-2002)," Research Unit Working Papers 0611, Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee, INRA.
    4. Alan S. Blinder, 1973. "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 8(4), pages 436-455.
    5. Thomas Le Jeannic, 1996. "Une nouvelle approche territoriale de la ville," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 294(1), pages 25-45.
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