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Prévoir les effets économiques du vieillissement

Author

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  • Didier Blanchet
  • Denis Kessler

Abstract

[fre] Les conséquences économiques du vieillissement de la population française sont difficiles à apprécier. Sur les dépenses de santé, largement prises en charge par des mécanismes de financement collectifs, ces effets pourraient s'avérer nettement moins marqués qu'on ne s'y attend parfois. En revanche, les transferts de retraite, qui s'élèvent aujourd'hui à 12 % du Produit Intérieur Brut, sont beaucoup plus sensibles à l'évolution de la structure par âge de la population. . Le vieillissement pourrait ralentir les progrès du niveau de vie moyen des retraités en raison de la baisse du nombre relatif d'actifs, et impliquerait dans tous les cas un accroissement très sensible du niveau des cotisations à système de retraite inchangé. La croissance de la productivité rendrait plus supportable cette hausse des transferts, mais n'empêcherait pas l'augmentation des cotisations qui pourrait se heurter à la fois à une résistance des salariés et à des contraintes de compétitivité. . Notre capacité à faire face aux charges du vieillissement sur le système de retraite dépend d'une autre variable décisive : la situation du marché du travail. Mais la prospective longue en la matière est évidemment très délicate, et soulève la question des liens qui pourraient exister entre la situation du marché du travail et le nouveau contexte démographique. . La question se pose aussi pour ce qu'on qualifie parfois de « marché interne du travail », c'est-à-dire l'organisation du lien employeur/employé à l'intérieur de l'entreprise. Ici aussi, certains effets du vieillissement sont à envisager : il entrainera sans doute un réaménagement des rapports économiques entre classes d'âge à l'intérieur de la population active, pas moins important que celui des relations entre actifs et retraités. [eng] Forecasting the Economie Effects of the Aging Population - The economic consequences of the aging French population are difficult to assess. Concerning health expenditures, which are largely covered by collective financing organizations, these effects might turn out to be less pronounced that what is sometimes expected. On the other hand, retirement pension transfers, which now constitute 12 % of the Gross Domestic Income, are much more affected by the changes in the age structure of the population. The aging population might slow down the progress of the average standard of living of retiress due to the drop in the relative number of working people, and would certainly bring about a very noticeable increase in contribution fees if the system of retirement pensions remained unchanged. The growth in productivity would make the transfer increase more bearable, but would not prevent an increase in contribution fees which would produce conflict with both reluctant wage-earners and the requirements of competitiveness. . Our ability to deal with the extra burden that the aging population is putting on the retirement pension system depends on another decisive variable: the situation of the labor market. But long term forecasting concerning this problem is of course extremely difficult and raises the question of the connections that might exist between the situation of the labor market and new demographic trends. Another question that can be raised concerne what is sometimes called the « internal labor market », that is, the organization of the relationship between employer and employees within the firm. Some effects of the aging population can also be expected at this level: it will probably entail a readjustment of economic relationships between age groups within the working population which will be as meaningful as that of relations between the working population and retirees. [spa] Prever los efectos económicos del envejecimiento - Las consecuencias económicas del envejecimiento de la población francesa son diffciles de apreciar. En el presupuesto de los gastos de salud, que corren en su casi totalidad por cuenta de mecanismos de financiamiento colectivos, estos efectos podrian revelarse menos contrastados de lo que generalmente se suele suponer. En cambio, las remesas de jubilación que alcanzan, hoy en día, el 12 % del PIB son menos « sensibles » a la evolución de estructura por edad de la población. . El envejecimiento podría hacer aminorar los progresos del nivel de vida medio de los jubilados a causa de la disminución del número relativo de activos e implicaría en todos los casos un acrecentamiento muy sensible del nivel de las cotizaciones en un sistema de jubilación no modificado. El crecimiento de la productividad permitiría soportar mejor el aumento de las remesas pero no impediría un aumento de las cotizaciones que podría verse confrontado a una resistencia de los asalariados y a exigencias de competitividad. . Nuestra capacidad para hacer trente a las cargas vinculadas con los subsidios a la vejez en el sistema de jubilaciones depende de otra variable decisiva: la situación del mercado laboral. Pero la larga prospectiva en la materia es, evidentemente, muy delicada y pone en evidencia el problema de los lazos que podrían existir entre la situación del mercado del trabajo y el nuevo contexto demográfico. El problema se plantea también para lo que generalmente se califica como « mercado interno del trabajo » o sea la organizaciôn del vínculo entre el empleador y el empleado en el seno de la empresa. En este ámbito también se deben tener en cuenta ciertos efectos del envejecimiento: este acarreará un reacondicionamiento de las relaciones económicas entre las distintas capas de edad en el seno de la población activa; el mismo no es, evidentemente, menos importante que el que concierne a las relaciones entre activos y jubilados.

Suggested Citation

  • Didier Blanchet & Denis Kessler, 1990. "Prévoir les effets économiques du vieillissement," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 233(1), pages 9-17.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_1990_num_233_1_5460
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.1990.5460
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.1990.5460
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    1. repec:cai:popine:popu_p1989_44n4-5_0936 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Lazear, Edward P, 1979. "Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 87(6), pages 1261-1284, December.
    3. Alain Charraud, 1984. "Formes et évolution de la consommation médicale aux différents âges de la vie," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 163(1), pages 47-66.
    4. Hutchens, Robert M, 1989. "Seniority, Wages and Productivity: A Turbulent Decade," Journal of Economic Perspectives, American Economic Association, vol. 3(4), pages 49-64, Fall.
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    1. Loïc Cadiou & Julien Genet & Jean-Louis Guérin, 2002. "Évolutions démographiques et marché du travail : des liens complexes parfois contradictoires," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 355(1), pages 139-156.

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