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Which representations of their gender group affect men’s orientation towards care? the case of parental leave-taking intentions

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  • Carolin Scheifele
  • Melanie C Steffens
  • Colette Van Laar

Abstract

Men are currently underrepresented in traditionally female care-oriented (communal) engagement such as taking parental leave, whereas they are overrepresented in traditionally male (agentic) engagement such as breadwinning or leadership. We examined to what extent different prototypical representations of men affect men’s self-reported parental leave-taking intentions and more generally the future they can imagine for themselves with regard to work and care roles (i.e., their possible selves). We expected prototypes of men that combine the two basic stereotype dimensions of agency and communion to increase men’s communal intentions. In two experiments (N1 = 132, N2 = 233), we presented male participants with contrived newspaper articles that described the ideal man of today with varying degrees of agency and communion (between-subjects design with four conditions; combined agentic and communal vs. agentic vs. communal vs. control condition). Results of Experiment 1 were in line with the main hypothesis that especially presenting a combination of agency and communion increases men’s expectations for communal engagement: As compared to a control condition, men expected more to engage in caretaking in the future, reported higher parental leave-taking intentions, and tended to expect taking longer parental leave. Experiment 2 only partially replicated these findings, namely for parental leave-taking intentions. Both experiments additionally provided initial evidence for a contrast effect in that an exclusive focus on agency also increased men’s self-reported parental leave-taking intentions compared to the control condition. Yet, exclusively emphasizing communion in prototypes of men did not affect men’s communal intentions, which were high to begin with. We further did not find evidence for preregistered mechanisms. We discuss conditions and explanations for the emergence of these mixed effects as well as implications for the communication of gendered norms and barriers to men’s communal engagement more broadly.

Suggested Citation

  • Carolin Scheifele & Melanie C Steffens & Colette Van Laar, 2021. "Which representations of their gender group affect men’s orientation towards care? the case of parental leave-taking intentions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(12), pages 1-35, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0260950
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260950
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Unterhofer, Ulrike & Wrohlich, Katharina, 2017. "Fathers, Parental Leave and Gender Norms," IZA Discussion Papers 10712, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    2. Berit Brandth & Elin Kvande, 2009. "Gendered or Gender-Neutral Care Politics for Fathers?," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 624(1), pages 177-189, July.
    3. Carmen Castro-García & Maria Pazos-Moran, 2016. "Parental Leave Policy and Gender Equality in Europe," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 22(3), pages 51-73, July.
    4. Marco Yzer, 2012. "Perceived Behavioral Control in Reasoned Action Theory," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 640(1), pages 101-117, March.
    5. Peterson, Robert A, 2001. "On the Use of College Students in Social Science Research: Insights from a Second-Order Meta-analysis," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 28(3), pages 450-461, December.
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