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Relationships between urbanization and CO2 emissions in China: An empirical analysis of population migration

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  • Tengfei Zhang
  • Yang Song
  • Jun Yang

Abstract

China’s announcement of its goal of carbon neutrality has increased the practical significance of research on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that result from urbanization. With a comprehensive consideration of population migration in China, this study examines the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions based on provincial panel data from 2000 to 2012. Two indicators (resident population and household registration population) are used to measure urbanization rate. The results reveal that the impact of urbanization on CO2 emissions in China is closely correlated with the structure of urban resident population and interregional population migration. The estimation results are still robust by using generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator and two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimator. The proportion of temporary residents is introduced as a proxy variable for population migration. The panel threshold model regression results show that the proportion of temporary residents has a marginal effect on the relationship between urbanization and CO2 emissions. In regions with a higher proportion of temporary residents, the positive effects of resident population urbanization on CO2 emissions tend to be weaker. These findings are consistent with the theories of ecological modernization and urban environmental transition. This paper makes suggestions on China’s urbanization development model and countermeasures are proposed to minimize the CO2 emissions caused by urbanization.

Suggested Citation

  • Tengfei Zhang & Yang Song & Jun Yang, 2021. "Relationships between urbanization and CO2 emissions in China: An empirical analysis of population migration," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(8), pages 1-20, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0256335
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256335
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xie, Qichang & Liu, Junxian, 2019. "Combined nonlinear effects of economic growth and urbanization on CO2 emissions in China: Evidence from a panel data partially linear additive model," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
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    3. Muhammad, Sulaman & Long, Xingle & Salman, Muhammad & Dauda, Lamini, 2020. "Effect of urbanization and international trade on CO2 emissions across 65 belt and road initiative countries," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    4. Poumanyvong, Phetkeo & Kaneko, Shinji, 2010. "Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(2), pages 434-444, December.
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    2. Wei Shi & Wenwen Tang & Fuwei Qiao & Zhiquan Sha & Chengyuan Wang & Sixue Zhao, 2022. "How to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Power Systems in Gansu Province—Analyze from the Life Cycle Perspective," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Chen Li & Le Zhang & Qinyi Gu & Jia Guo & Yi Huang, 2022. "Spatio-Temporal Differentiation Characteristics and Urbanization Factors of Urban Household Carbon Emissions in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(8), pages 1-22, April.
    4. Osarumwense Osabuohien-Irabor & Igor Mikhailovich Drapkin, 2024. "The spillover effects of outward FDI on environmental sustainability in developing countries: exploring the channels of home country institutions and human capital," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(8), pages 20597-20627, August.
    5. Yu Sun & Mingxing Li & Hongzheng Sun & Shahida Kanwel & Mengjuan Zhang & Naila Erum & Abid Hussain, 2022. "Green Growth, Economic Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Evaluation Based on Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Models," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-23, May.
    6. Jia-Pei Yue & Fu-Qin Zhang, 2022. "Evaluation of Industrial Green Transformation in the Process of Urbanization: Regional Difference Analysis in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, April.
    7. Aleksy Kwilinski & Oleksii Lyulyov & Tetyana Pimonenko & Henryk Dzwigol & Rafis Abazov & Denys Pudryk, 2022. "International Migration Drivers: Economic, Environmental, Social, and Political Effects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(11), pages 1-17, May.

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