IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0252408.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The temperature of emotions

Author

Listed:
  • Francisco Barbosa Escobar
  • Carlos Velasco
  • Kosuke Motoki
  • Derek Victor Byrne
  • Qian Janice Wang

Abstract

Emotions and temperature are closely related through embodied processes, and people seem to associate temperature concepts with emotions. While this relationship is often evidenced by everyday language (e.g., cold and warm feelings), what remains missing to date is a systematic study that holistically analyzes how and why people associate specific temperatures with emotions. The present research aimed to investigate the associations between temperature concepts and emotion adjectives on both explicit and implicit levels. In Experiment 1, we evaluated explicit associations between twelve pairs of emotion adjectives derived from the circumplex model of affect, and five different temperature concepts ranging from 0°C to 40°C, based on responses from 403 native speakers of four different languages (English, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese). The results of Experiment 1 revealed that, across languages, the temperatures were associated with different regions of the circumplex model. The 0°C and 10°C were associated with negative-valanced, low-arousal emotions, while 20°C was associated with positive-valanced, low-to-medium-arousal emotions. Moreover, 30°C was associated with positive-valanced, high-arousal emotions; and 40°C was associated with high-arousal and either positive- or negative-valanced emotions. In Experiment 2 (N = 102), we explored whether these temperature-emotion associations were also present at the implicit level, by conducting Implicit Association Tests (IATs) with temperature words (cold and hot) and opposing pairs of emotional adjectives for each dimension of valence (Unhappy/Dissatisfied vs. Happy/Satisfied) and arousal (Passive/Quiet vs. Active/Alert) on native English speakers. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that participants held implicit associations between the word hot and positive-valanced and high-arousal emotions. Additionally, the word cold was associated with negative-valanced and low-arousal emotions. These findings provide evidence for the existence of temperature-emotion associations at both explicit and implicit levels across languages.

Suggested Citation

  • Francisco Barbosa Escobar & Carlos Velasco & Kosuke Motoki & Derek Victor Byrne & Qian Janice Wang, 2021. "The temperature of emotions," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(6), pages 1-28, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0252408
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252408
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252408
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0252408&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0252408?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Juliette Richetin & Giulio Costantini & Marco Perugini & Felix Schönbrodt, 2015. "Should We Stop Looking for a Better Scoring Algorithm for Handling Implicit Association Test Data? Test of the Role of Errors, Extreme Latencies Treatment, Scoring Formula, and Practice Trials on Reli," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(6), pages 1-23, June.
    2. Pham, Michel Tuan & Geuens, Maggie & De Pelsmacker, Patrick, 2013. "The influence of ad-evoked feelings on brand evaluations: Empirical generalizations from consumer responses to more than 1000 TV commercials," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 30(4), pages 383-394.
    3. Noguchi, Kimihiro & Gel, Yulia R. & Brunner, Edgar & Konietschke, Frank, 2012. "nparLD: An R Software Package for the Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 50(i12).
    4. Aaker, David A & Stayman, Douglas M & Hagerty, Michael R, 1986. "Warmth in Advertising: Measurement, Impact, and Sequence Effects," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 12(4), pages 365-381, March.
    5. Clemens Noelke & Mark E. McGovern & Daniel J. Corsi & Marcia Pescador-Jimenez & Ari Stern & Ian Sue Wing & Lisa Berkman, 2016. "Increasing Ambient Temperature Reduces Emotional Well-Being," CHaRMS Working Papers 16-01, Centre for HeAlth Research at the Management School (CHaRMS).
    6. Rajagopal, 2014. "The Human Factors," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Architecting Enterprise, chapter 9, pages 225-249, Palgrave Macmillan.
    7. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
    8. Peter Howe & Hilary Boudet & Anthony Leiserowitz & Edward Maibach, 2014. "Mapping the shadow of experience of extreme weather events," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 127(2), pages 381-389, November.
    9. Vanden Abeele, Piet & MacLachlan, Douglas L, 1994. "Process Tracing of Emotional Responses to TV Ads: Revisiting the Warmth Monitor," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 20(4), pages 586-600, March.
    10. Stephanie Balters & Martin Steinert, 2017. "Capturing emotion reactivity through physiology measurement as a foundation for affective engineering in engineering design science and engineering practices," Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Springer, vol. 28(7), pages 1585-1607, October.
    11. Bathke, Arne C. & Schabenberger, Oliver & Tobias, Randall D. & Madden, Laurence V., 2009. "Greenhouse–Geisser Adjustment and the ANOVA-Type Statistic: Cousins or Twins?," The American Statistician, American Statistical Association, vol. 63(3), pages 239-246.
    12. Bruno, Pascal & Melnyk, Valentyna & Völckner, Franziska, 2017. "Temperature and emotions: Effects of physical temperature on responses to emotional advertising," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 302-320.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bruno, Pascal & Melnyk, Valentyna & Völckner, Franziska, 2017. "Temperature and emotions: Effects of physical temperature on responses to emotional advertising," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 302-320.
    2. So Young Song & Youn-Kyung Kim, 2019. "Doing Good Better: Impure Altruism in Green Apparel Advertising," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(20), pages 1-20, October.
    3. Hoang, Chi & Knöferle, Klemens & Warlop, Luk, 2023. "Using different advertising humor appeals to generate firm-level warmth and competence impressions," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 40(4), pages 741-759.
    4. Caruelle, Delphine & Gustafsson, Anders & Shams, Poja & Lervik-Olsen, Line, 2019. "The use of electrodermal activity (EDA) measurement to understand consumer emotions – A literature review and a call for action," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 146-160.
    5. Sam K. Hui & Tom Meyvis & Henry Assael, 2014. "Analyzing Moment-to-Moment Data Using a Bayesian Functional Linear Model: Application to TV Show Pilot Testing," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 33(2), pages 222-240, March.
    6. Couwenberg, Linda E. & Boksem, Maarten A.S. & Dietvorst, Roeland C. & Worm, Loek & Verbeke, Willem J.M.I. & Smidts, Ale, 2017. "Neural responses to functional and experiential ad appeals: Explaining ad effectiveness," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 34(2), pages 355-366.
    7. Li, Chenxi & Chen, Jing (Elaine) & Peng, Siyu & Huang, Jinsong & Sha, Xiqing, 2024. "Examining the effects of weather on online shopping cart abandonment: Evidence from an online retailing platform," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    8. Marc Roy, 2014. "Measuring Emotional Responses to TV Commercials: The Warmth Monitor Modernized," International Journal of Business and Social Research, MIR Center for Socio-Economic Research, vol. 4(12), pages 63-69, December.
    9. Marc Roy, 2014. "Measuring Emotional Responses to TV Commercials: The Warmth Monitor Modernized," International Journal of Business and Social Research, LAR Center Press, vol. 4(12), pages 63-69, December.
    10. Rahman, Shaikh Moksadur, 2020. "Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intention: Evidence from Bangladesh," Asian Business Review, Asian Business Consortium, vol. 10(2), pages 99-108.
    11. Wang Kai, 2019. "Towards a Taxonomy of Idea Generation Techniques," Foundations of Management, Sciendo, vol. 11(1), pages 65-80, January.
    12. JANSSENS, Jochen & DE CORTE, Annelies & SÖRENSEN, Kenneth, 2016. "Water distribution network design optimisation with respect to reliability," Working Papers 2016007, University of Antwerp, Faculty of Business and Economics.
    13. Bridgelall, Raj & Stubbing, Edward, 2021. "Forecasting the effects of autonomous vehicles on land use," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 163(C).
    14. Bevilacqua, Maurizio & Ciarapica, Filippo Emanuele, 2018. "Human factor risk management in the process industry: A case study," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 149-159.
    15. Naveena Prakasam & Louisa Huxtable-Thomas, 2021. "Reddit: Affordances as an Enabler for Shifting Loyalties," Information Systems Frontiers, Springer, vol. 23(3), pages 723-751, June.
    16. Raymond Hernandez & Elizabeth A. Pyatak & Cheryl L. P. Vigen & Haomiao Jin & Stefan Schneider & Donna Spruijt-Metz & Shawn C. Roll, 2021. "Understanding Worker Well-Being Relative to High-Workload and Recovery Activities across a Whole Day: Pilot Testing an Ecological Momentary Assessment Technique," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-17, October.
    17. Christopher Hassall & Michael Nisbet & Evan Norcliffe & He Wang, 2024. "The Potential Health Benefits of Urban Tree Planting Suggested through Immersive Environments," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-12, February.
    18. Colin Jerolmack & Alexandra K. Murphy, 2019. "The Ethical Dilemmas and Social Scientific Trade-offs of Masking in Ethnography," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 48(4), pages 801-827, November.
    19. Valeriy Makarov & Albert Bakhtizin, 2014. "The Estimation Of The Regions’ Efficiency Of The Russian Federation Including The Intellectual Capital, The Characteristics Of Readiness For Innovation, Level Of Well-Being, And Quality Of Life," Economy of region, Centre for Economic Security, Institute of Economics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 1(4), pages 9-30.
    20. Zhao, Jing & Knoop, Victor L. & Wang, Meng, 2020. "Two-dimensional vehicular movement modelling at intersections based on optimal control," Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Elsevier, vol. 138(C), pages 1-22.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0252408. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.