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Direct observation of unstained biological samples in water using newly developed impedance scanning electron microscopy

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  • Toshihiko Ogura

Abstract

Nanometre-scale observation of specimens in water is indispensable in several scientific fields, such as biology, chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) obtains high-resolution images of biological samples under high vacuum conditions but requires specific sample-preparation protocols. Observations of unstained biological samples in water require more convenient and less invasive methods. Herein, we have developed a new type of impedance microscopy, namely impedance SEM (IP-SEM), which allows the imaging and sub-micrometer scale examination of various specimens in water. By varying the frequency of the input signal, the proposed system can detect the impedance properties of the sample’s composition at sub-micrometer scale resolution. Besides examining various unstained biological specimens and material samples in water. Furthermore, the proposed system can be used for diverse liquid samples across a broad range of scientific fields, such as nanoparticles, nanotubes and organic and catalytic materials.

Suggested Citation

  • Toshihiko Ogura, 2019. "Direct observation of unstained biological samples in water using newly developed impedance scanning electron microscopy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(8), pages 1-17, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0221296
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221296
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andrej Sali & Robert Glaeser & Thomas Earnest & Wolfgang Baumeister, 2003. "From words to literature in structural proteomics," Nature, Nature, vol. 422(6928), pages 216-225, March.
    2. Emiel de Smit & Ingmar Swart & J. Fredrik Creemer & Gerard H. Hoveling & Mary K. Gilles & Tolek Tyliszczak & Patricia J. Kooyman & Henny W. Zandbergen & Cynthia Morin & Bert M. Weckhuysen & Frank M. F, 2008. "Nanoscale chemical imaging of a working catalyst by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy," Nature, Nature, vol. 456(7219), pages 222-225, November.
    3. Toshihiko Ogura, 2014. "Direct Observation of Unstained Biological Specimens in Water by the Frequency Transmission Electric-Field Method Using SEM," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(3), pages 1-6, March.
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    1. Toshihiko Ogura, 2022. "Development of multi-frequency impedance scanning electron microscopy," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(1), pages 1-15, January.

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