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Tropical tree cover in a heterogeneous environment: A reaction-diffusion model

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  • Bert Wuyts
  • Alan R Champneys
  • Nicolas Verschueren
  • Jo I House

Abstract

Observed bimodal tree cover distributions at particular environmental conditions and theoretical models indicate that some areas in the tropics can be in either of the alternative stable vegetation states forest or savanna. However, when including spatial interaction in nonspatial differential equation models of a bistable quantity, only the state with the lowest potential energy remains stable. Our recent reaction-diffusion model of Amazonian tree cover confirmed this and was able to reproduce the observed spatial distribution of forest versus savanna satisfactorily when forced by heterogeneous environmental and anthropogenic variables, even though bistability was underestimated. These conclusions were solely based on simulation results for one set of parameters. Here, we perform an analytical and numerical analysis of the model. We derive the Maxwell point (MP) of the homogeneous reaction-diffusion equation without savanna trees as a function of rainfall and human impact and show that the front between forest and nonforest settles at this point as long as savanna tree cover near the front remains sufficiently low. For parameters resulting in higher savanna tree cover near the front, we also find irregular forest-savanna cycles and woodland-savanna bistability, which can both explain the remaining observed bimodality.

Suggested Citation

  • Bert Wuyts & Alan R Champneys & Nicolas Verschueren & Jo I House, 2019. "Tropical tree cover in a heterogeneous environment: A reaction-diffusion model," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(6), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0218151
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218151
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Delphine Clara Zemp & Carl-Friedrich Schleussner & Henrique M. J. Barbosa & Marina Hirota & Vincent Montade & Gilvan Sampaio & Arie Staal & Lan Wang-Erlandsson & Anja Rammig, 2017. "Self-amplified Amazon forest loss due to vegetation-atmosphere feedbacks," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-10, April.
    2. Bert Wuyts & Alan R. Champneys & Joanna I. House, 2017. "Amazonian forest-savanna bistability and human impact," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 8(1), pages 1-12, August.
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