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Into the Himalayan Exile: The Phylogeography of the Ground Beetle Ethira clade Supports the Tibetan Origin of Forest-Dwelling Himalayan Species Groups

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  • Joachim Schmidt
  • Lars Opgenoorth
  • Steffen Höll
  • Ralf Bastrop

Abstract

The Himalayan mountain arc is one of the hotspots of biodiversity on earth, and species diversity is expected to be especially high among insects in this region. Little is known about the origin of the Himalayan insect fauna. With respect to the fauna of high altitude cloud forests, it has generally been accepted that Himalayan lineages are derived from ancestors that immigrated from Western Asia and from adjacent mountainous regions of East and Southeast Asia (immigration hypothesis). In this study, we sought to test a Tibetan Origin as an alternative hypothesis for groups with a poor dispersal ability through a phylogeographic analysis of the Ethira clade of the genus Pterostichus. We sequenced COI mtDNA and the 18S and 28S rDNA genes in 168 Pterostichini specimens, including 46 species and subspecies of the Ethira clade. In our analysis, we were able to show that the Ethira clade is monophyletic and, thus, represents a Himalayan endemic clade, supporting endemism of two of the basal lineages to the Central Himalaya and documenting large distributional gaps within the phylogeographic structure of the Ethira clade. Furthermore, the molecular data strongly indicate very limited dispersal abilities of species and subspecies of these primary wingless ground beetles. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a Tibetan Origin, which explains the evolution, diversity and distribution of the Himalayan ground beetle Ethira clade much more parsimoniously than the original immigration hypothesis.

Suggested Citation

  • Joachim Schmidt & Lars Opgenoorth & Steffen Höll & Ralf Bastrop, 2012. "Into the Himalayan Exile: The Phylogeography of the Ground Beetle Ethira clade Supports the Tibetan Origin of Forest-Dwelling Himalayan Species Groups," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(9), pages 1-15, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0045482
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045482
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Andreas Mulch & C. Page Chamberlain, 2006. "The rise and growth of Tibet," Nature, Nature, vol. 439(7077), pages 670-671, February.
    2. Alexei J Drummond & Simon Y W Ho & Matthew J Phillips & Andrew Rambaut, 2006. "Relaxed Phylogenetics and Dating with Confidence," PLOS Biology, Public Library of Science, vol. 4(5), pages 1-1, March.
    3. An Zhisheng & John E. Kutzbach & Warren L. Prell & Stephen C. Porter, 2001. "Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya–Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times," Nature, Nature, vol. 411(6833), pages 62-66, May.
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