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Prediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers

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  • Erich Studerus
  • Alex Gamma
  • Michael Kometer
  • Franz X Vollenweider

Abstract

Responses to hallucinogenic drugs, such as psilocybin, are believed to be critically dependent on the user's personality, current mood state, drug pre-experiences, expectancies, and social and environmental variables. However, little is known about the order of importance of these variables and their effect sizes in comparison to drug dose. Hence, this study investigated the effects of 24 predictor variables, including age, sex, education, personality traits, drug pre-experience, mental state before drug intake, experimental setting, and drug dose on the acute response to psilocybin. The analysis was based on the pooled data of 23 controlled experimental studies involving 409 psilocybin administrations to 261 healthy volunteers. Multiple linear mixed effects models were fitted for each of 15 response variables. Although drug dose was clearly the most important predictor for all measured response variables, several non-pharmacological variables significantly contributed to the effects of psilocybin. Specifically, having a high score in the personality trait of Absorption, being in an emotionally excitable and active state immediately before drug intake, and having experienced few psychological problems in past weeks were most strongly associated with pleasant and mystical-type experiences, whereas high Emotional Excitability, low age, and an experimental setting involving positron emission tomography most strongly predicted unpleasant and/or anxious reactions to psilocybin. The results confirm that non-pharmacological variables play an important role in the effects of psilocybin.

Suggested Citation

  • Erich Studerus & Alex Gamma & Michael Kometer & Franz X Vollenweider, 2012. "Prediction of Psilocybin Response in Healthy Volunteers," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(2), pages 1-12, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0030800
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030800
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Orelien, Jean G. & Edwards, Lloyd J., 2008. "Fixed-effect variable selection in linear mixed models using R2 statistics," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 52(4), pages 1896-1907, January.
    2. Erich Studerus & Alex Gamma & Franz X Vollenweider, 2010. "Psychometric Evaluation of the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV)," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(8), pages 1-19, August.
    3. Zhou, Xiang & Reiter, Jerome P., 2010. "A Note on Bayesian Inference After Multiple Imputation," The American Statistician, American Statistical Association, vol. 64(2), pages 159-163.
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