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Gender, Migration and HIV in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

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  • Carol S Camlin
  • Victoria Hosegood
  • Marie-Louise Newell
  • Nuala McGrath
  • Till Bärnighausen
  • Rachel C Snow

Abstract

Objectives: Research on migration and HIV has largely focused on male migration, often failing to measure HIV risks associated with migration for women. We aimed to establish whether associations between migration and HIV infection differ for women and men, and identify possible mechanisms by which women's migration contributes to their high infection risk. Design: Data on socio-demographic characteristics, patterns of migration, sexual behavior and HIV infection status were obtained for a population of 11,677 women aged 15–49 and men aged 15–54, resident members of households within a demographic surveillance area participating in HIV surveillance in 2003–04. Methods: Logistic regression was conducted to examine whether sex and migration were independently associated with HIV infection in three additive effects models, using measures of recent migration, household presence and migration frequency. Multiplicative effects models were fitted to explore whether the risk of HIV associated with migration differed for males and females. Further modeling and simulations explored whether composition or behavioral differences accounted for observed associations. Results: Relative to non-migrant males, non-migrant females had higher odds of being HIV-positive (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.72; 95% confidence interval [1.49–1.99]), but odds were higher for female migrants (aOR = 2.55 [2.07–3.13]). Female migrants also had higher odds of infection relative to female non-migrants (aOR = 1.48 [1.23–1.77]). The association between number of sexual partners over the lifetime and HIV infection was modified by both sex and migrant status: For male non-migrants, each additional partner was associated with 3% higher odds of HIV infection (aOR = 1.03 [1.02–1.05]); for male migrants the association between number of partners and HIV infection was non-significant. Each additional partner increased odds of HIV infection by 22% for female non-migrants (aOR = 1.22 [1.12–1.32]) and 46% for female migrants (aOR = 1.46 [1.25–1.69]). Conclusions: Higher risk sexual behavior in the context of migration increased women's likelihood of HIV infection.

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  • Carol S Camlin & Victoria Hosegood & Marie-Louise Newell & Nuala McGrath & Till Bärnighausen & Rachel C Snow, 2010. "Gender, Migration and HIV in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 5(7), pages 1-10, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0011539
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011539
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Camlin, Carol S. & Kwena, Zachary A. & Dworkin, Shari L. & Cohen, Craig R. & Bukusi, Elizabeth A., 2014. "“She mixes her business”: HIV transmission and acquisition risks among female migrants in western Kenya," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 146-156.
    2. Maeri, Irene & Eyul, Patrick & Getahun, Monica & Hatchett, Khalela & Owino, Lawrence & Akatukwasa, Cecilia & Itiakorit, Harriet & Gutin, Sarah A. & Johnson-Peretz, Jason & Ssali, Sarah & Cohen, Craig , 2023. "Nothing about us without us: Community-based participatory research to improve HIV care for mobile patients in Kenya and Uganda," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 318(C).
    3. Hirsch, Jennifer S., 2014. "Labor migration, externalities and ethics: Theorizing the meso-level determinants of HIV vulnerability," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 100(C), pages 38-45.
    4. Phillips, Laura & James, Deborah, 2014. "Labour, lodging and linkages: migrant women's experience in South Africa," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 59443, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    5. Aimee Leidich & Lillian Achiro & Zachary A Kwena & Willi McFarland & Torsten B Neilands & Craig R Cohen & Elizabeth A Bukusi & Carol S Camlin, 2018. "Methods for sampling geographically mobile female traders in an East African market setting," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 13(1), pages 1-12, January.
    6. Ararso Baru & Ikeola A Adeoye & Adeyemi O Adekunle, 2020. "“I was raped by the broker on the first day of my arrival in the town.” Exploring reasons for risky sexual behavior among sexually-active unmarried young female internal migrants in Ethiopia: A qualit," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(11), pages 1-14, November.

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