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Identifying Sports Diplomacy Resources as Soft Power Tools

Author

Listed:
  • Kambiz Abdi

    (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM))

  • Mahdi Talebpour

    (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM))

  • Jami Fullerton

    (Oklahoma State University)

  • Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh

    (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM))

  • Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi

    (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM))

Abstract

Although hosting international high-profile sporting events such as the Olympics and the FIFA World Cup are attractive soft power tools for governments to achieve public diplomacy goals, not all sports diplomacy efforts are mega-sporting events. This study explores the use of sports diplomacy by nations and attempts to identify the most applicable sports diplomacy resources available to governments to employ as soft power tools. The data for this research are composed of 30 online surveys completed by international experts in the fields of sports and public diplomacy. The responses were qualitatively analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). After running two rounds of fuzzy Delphi, sports diplomacy resources were classified into three categories: “Sports Events,” “Sports Human Capitals,” and “Sports Products.” Further, “sports players”; “women’s sports”; “hosting/participating in regional, international, continental, or global events”; “coaches”; and “authentic sports leagues” were identified as the most important sports diplomacy resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Kambiz Abdi & Mahdi Talebpour & Jami Fullerton & Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh & Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi, 2019. "Identifying Sports Diplomacy Resources as Soft Power Tools," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 15(3), pages 147-155, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:pbapdi:v:15:y:2019:i:3:d:10.1057_s41254-019-00115-9
    DOI: 10.1057/s41254-019-00115-9
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mark M. Miller, 1993. "Enhancing Regional Analysis With The Delphi Method," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 23(2), pages 191-212, Fall.
    2. Kambiz Abdi & Mahdi Talebpour & Jami Fullerton & Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh & Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi, 2018. "Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: Introducing a sports diplomacy model," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 365-381, December.
    3. Håvard Mokleiv Nygård & Scott Gates, 2013. "Soft power at home and abroad: Sport diplomacy, politics and peace-building," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 16(3), pages 235-243, September.
    4. Ian Masser & Paul Foley, 1987. "Delphi Revisited: Expert Opinion in Urban Analysis," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 24(3), pages 217-225, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yoav Dubinsky, 2023. "The Olympic Games, nation branding, and public diplomacy in a post-pandemic world: Reflections on Tokyo 2020 and beyond," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(3), pages 386-397, September.

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