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Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: Introducing a sports diplomacy model

Author

Listed:
  • Kambiz Abdi

    (Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran)

  • Mahdi Talebpour

    (Faculty of Sports Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran)

  • Jami Fullerton

    (School of Global Studies and Partnerships, Oklahoma State University, USA)

  • Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh

    (Faculty of Economics and Administrative sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran)

  • Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi

    (Faculty of Mathematics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM), Iran)

Abstract

As sport has become an integral part of society, it has also become a tool for diplomacy around the world. The purpose of this study is to introduce a sports diplomacy model and identify “the critical abilities†for converting sport soft power tools into resources for diplomatic outcomes. The data for this research comprise 30 online surveys completed by international experts in the fields of sports and public diplomacy. The responses were qualitatively analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM). After running two rounds of fuzzy Delphi, two main strategies for sports diplomacy emerged—maintaining “official and sports diplomacy solidarity†and using sport figures as “competent cultural ambassadors.†The proposed model includes the most applicable sports diplomacy resources, the most expected diplomatic outcomes, and the major conversion tools (skillful strategies) in the viewpoint of sports and public diplomacy experts. The application of the model finds that states can expect diplomatic outcomes if appropriate sports diplomacy resources and conversion strategies are implemented in an orderly, innovative and accurate manner.

Suggested Citation

  • Kambiz Abdi & Mahdi Talebpour & Jami Fullerton & Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh & Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi, 2018. "Converting sports diplomacy to diplomatic outcomes: Introducing a sports diplomacy model," International Area Studies Review, Center for International Area Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, vol. 21(4), pages 365-381, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:intare:v:21:y:2018:i:4:p:365-381
    DOI: 10.1177/2233865918808058
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mark M. Miller, 1993. "Enhancing Regional Analysis With The Delphi Method," The Review of Regional Studies, Southern Regional Science Association, vol. 23(2), pages 191-212, Fall.
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    Cited by:

    1. Thomas Yaw Voets, 2023. "“Visit Rwanda”: a well primed public relations campaign or a genuine attempt at improving the country’s image abroad?," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(1), pages 143-154, March.
    2. Kambiz Abdi & Mahdi Talebpour & Jami Fullerton & Mohammad Javad Ranjkesh & Hadi Jabbari Nooghabi, 2019. "Identifying Sports Diplomacy Resources as Soft Power Tools," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 15(3), pages 147-155, September.
    3. Michał Marcin Kobierecki, 2023. "Sport at the World Expo. Analysis of sports diplomacy at the non-sporting event," Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 19(4), pages 413-425, December.
    4. Esmaelnezhad, Danial & Taghizadeh-Yazdi, Mohammadreza & Amoozad Mahdiraji, Hannan & Vrontis, Demetris, 2023. "International strategic alliances for collaborative product Innovation: An agent-based scenario analysis in biopharmaceutical industry," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).

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