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An Investigation of Gender Differences in Leadership Across Four Countries

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  • Cristina B Gibson

    (University of California)

Abstract

This study investigates the emphasis males and females place on leadership behaviors and styles across four countries characterized as two cultural dyads (Norway - Sweden and Australia - U.S.). Previous gender comparisons and cross-cultural studies of leadership are reviewed. A framework for exploring leadership, consisting of five leadership behaviors and six leadership styles, is then presented and tested with questionnaire data from 209 managers across the four countries. Results demonstrate significant effects for gender and country, but no interaction effects, Post-hoc analyses suggest that across all four countries, male emphasize the goal setting dimension, while females emphasize the interaction facilitation dimension. Australians scored significantly differently than leaders in the other countries on interaction facilitation, benevolent autocratic style, and laissez-faire style. These findings are discussed in light of gender characteristics and cultural values.© 1995 JIBS. Journal of International Business Studies (1995) 26, 255–279

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  • Cristina B Gibson, 1995. "An Investigation of Gender Differences in Leadership Across Four Countries," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 26(2), pages 255-279, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:jintbs:v:26:y:1995:i:2:p:255-279
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    Cited by:

    1. Michel Hermans & William Newburry & Marcelo J. Alvarado-Vargas & Carlos M. Baldo & Armando Borda & Edwin G. Durán-Zurita & José Maurício Galli Geleilate & Massiel Guerra & Maria Virginia Lasio Morello, 2017. "Attitudes towards women’s career advancement in Latin America: The moderating impact of perceived company international proactiveness," Journal of International Business Studies, Palgrave Macmillan;Academy of International Business, vol. 48(1), pages 90-112, January.
    2. Toh, Soo Min & Leonardelli, Geoffrey J., 2012. "Cultural constraints on the emergence of women as leaders," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 47(4), pages 604-611.
    3. Zeynep Merve Unal, 2014. "Influence of Leaders’ Humor Styles on the Employees’ Job Related Affective Well-Being," International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, Human Resource Management Academic Research Society, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, vol. 4(1), pages 201-211, January.
    4. Robertson, Christopher J. & Al-Khatib, Jamal A. & Al-Habib, Mohammed & Lanoue, Darryl, 2001. "Beliefs about work in the Middle East and the convergence versus divergence of values," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 36(3), pages 223-244, October.
    5. Crystal L. Owen & Robert F. Scherer & Michael Z. Sincoff & Mark Cordano, 2003. "Perceptions of Women as Managers in Chile and the United States," American Journal of Business, Emerald Group Publishing, vol. 18(2), pages 43-50.
    6. Stefan Eckert, 2006. "Biblio Service," Management International Review, Springer, vol. 46(3), pages 379-387, June.
    7. Samiee, Saeed & Jeong, Insik & Pae, Jae Hyeon & Tai, Susan, 2003. "Advertising standardization in multinational corporations: The subsidiary perspective," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 56(8), pages 613-626, August.
    8. Luca Pistilli & Alessia Paccagnini & Stefano Breschi & Franco Malerba, 2023. "Gender Bias in Entrepreneurship: What is the Role of the Founders’ Entrepreneurial Background?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 187(2), pages 325-346, October.
    9. Alison M. Konrad & Robert Waryszak & Linley Hartmann, 1997. "What Do Managers Like To Do? Comparing Women and Men in Australia and the US," Australian Journal of Management, Australian School of Business, vol. 22(1), pages 71-97, June.
    10. Dheer, Ratan J.S. & Li, Mingxiang & Treviño, Len J., 2019. "An integrative approach to the gender gap in entrepreneurship across nations," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(6), pages 1-1.
    11. Koveshnikov, Alexei & Tienari, Janne & Piekkari, Rebecca, 2019. "Gender in international business journals: A review and conceptualization of MNCs as gendered social spaces," Journal of World Business, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 37-53.
    12. Verheul, I., 2007. "Commitment or Control? Human Resource Management Practices in Female and Male-Led Businesses," ERIM Report Series Research in Management ERS-2007-071-ORG, Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), ERIM is the joint research institute of the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University and the Erasmus School of Economics (ESE) at Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    13. Robert M. Chapman & Margaret N. Gardner & Megan Lyons, 2022. "Gender differences in emotional connotative meaning of words measured by Osgood’s semantic differential techniques in young adults," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 9(1), pages 1-11, December.

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