IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/pal/jbkreg/v23y2022i4d10.1057_s41261-021-00182-0.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Do financial reforms always improve banks efficiency and competition? A long-term analysis of Turkey’s experience

Author

Listed:
  • Nuri Altintas

    (University of Reading)

  • Alessandra Ferrari

    (University of Loughborough)

  • Claudia Girardone

    (University of Essex)

Abstract

Financial policy changes are aimed at improving banks efficiency and competition; however, their effectiveness in the context of emerging economies is far from obvious. Using Turkey as a case study, we create a unique data set and analyse the impact of almost 30 years of financial policy changes on the cost efficiency and competitiveness of its banks. We estimate a stochastic cost frontier with inefficiency determinants and then rely on two complementary approaches for the measurement of competition: a novel implementation of the Boone model, and the Persistency of Profit (POP) model. We find that deregulation does not bring the expected benefits, and performance starts improving only after the introduction of prudential re-regulation policies. The entry of foreign banks helps technological progress, competition and efficiency improvements, and all banks eventually reach similar efficiency levels.

Suggested Citation

  • Nuri Altintas & Alessandra Ferrari & Claudia Girardone, 2022. "Do financial reforms always improve banks efficiency and competition? A long-term analysis of Turkey’s experience," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 23(4), pages 458-469, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:pal:jbkreg:v:23:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1057_s41261-021-00182-0
    DOI: 10.1057/s41261-021-00182-0
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41261-021-00182-0
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to full text is restricted to subscribers.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1057/s41261-021-00182-0?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Denizer, Cevdet, 1997. "The effects of financial liberalization and new bank entry on market structure and competition in Turkey," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1839, The World Bank.
    2. Meryem Duygun Fethi & Mohamed Shaban & Thomas Weyman-Jones, 2012. "Turkish Banking Recapitalization and the Financial Crisis: An Efficiency and Productivity Analysis," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(S5), pages 76-90, November.
    3. Michiel van Leuvensteijn & Christoffer Kok Sørensen & Jacob A. Bikker & Adrian A.R.J.M. van Rixtel, 2013. "Impact of bank competition on the interest rate pass-through in the euro area," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(11), pages 1359-1380, April.
    4. Boone, J. & van Ours, J.C. & van der Wiel, H.P., 2007. "How (Not) to Measure Competition," Discussion Paper 2007-32, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    5. Jan Boone, 2008. "A New Way to Measure Competition," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 118(531), pages 1245-1261, August.
    6. Hamdaoui, Mekki & Maktouf, Samir, 2020. "Financial reforms and banking system vulnerability: The role of regulatory frameworks," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 184-205.
    7. Bermpei, Theodora & Kalyvas, Antonios & Nguyen, Thanh Cong, 2018. "Does institutional quality condition the effect of bank regulations and supervision on bank stability? Evidence from emerging and developing economies," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 255-275.
    8. Goddard, John & Wilson, John O.S., 2009. "Competition in banking: A disequilibrium approach," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(12), pages 2282-2292, December.
    9. Agoraki, Maria-Eleni K. & Delis, Manthos D. & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2011. "Regulations, competition and bank risk-taking in transition countries," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 38-48, January.
    10. Carbó, Santiago & Humphrey, David & Maudos, Joaquín & Molyneux, Philip, 2009. "Cross-country comparisons of competition and pricing power in European banking," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(1), pages 115-134, February.
    11. Badunenko, Oleg & Kumbhakar, Subal C., 2017. "Economies of scale, technical change and persistent and time-varying cost efficiency in Indian banking: Do ownership, regulation and heterogeneity matter?," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 260(2), pages 789-803.
    12. J.A. Bikker & L. Spierdijk, 2009. "Measuring and explaining competition in the financial sector," Working Papers 09-01, Utrecht School of Economics.
    13. Florian LEON, 2014. "Measuring competition in banking: A critical review of methods," Working Papers 201412, CERDI.
    14. Isik, Ihsan & Kabir Hassan, M., 2003. "Financial deregulation and total factor productivity change: An empirical study of Turkish commercial banks," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 27(8), pages 1455-1485, August.
    15. George Assaf, A. & Matousek, Roman & Tsionas, Efthymios G., 2013. "Turkish bank efficiency: Bayesian estimation with undesirable outputs," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 506-517.
    16. Dimitras, Augustinos I. & Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2018. "Financial reporting standards' change and the efficiency measures of EU banks," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 223-233.
    17. Ayadi, Rym & Naceur, Sami Ben & Casu, Barbara & Quinn, Barry, 2016. "Does Basel compliance matter for bank performance?," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 23(C), pages 15-32.
    18. Megginson, William L., 2005. "The economics of bank privatization," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(8-9), pages 1931-1980, August.
    19. Hakan Gunes & Dilem Yildirim, 2016. "Estimating cost efficiency of Turkish commercial banks under unobserved heterogeneity with stochastic frontier models," Central Bank Review, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, vol. 16(4), pages 127-136.
    20. Nazmi DEMIR & Syed F. MAHMUD & Senol BABUSCU, 2005. "The Technical Inefficiency Effects Of Turkish Banks After Financial Liberalization," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 43(3), pages 396-411, September.
    21. Eralp Bektas, 2007. "The persistence of profits in the Turkish banking system," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(3), pages 187-190.
    22. Canan Yildirim, 2002. "Evolution of banking efficiency within an unstable macroeconomic environment: the case of Turkish commercial banks," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 34(18), pages 2289-2301.
    23. Manthos D. Delis & Philip Molyneux & Fotios Pasiouras, 2011. "Regulations and Productivity Growth in Banking: Evidence from Transition Economies," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 43(4), pages 735-764, June.
    24. Partovi, Elmira & Matousek, Roman, 2019. "Bank efficiency and non-performing loans: Evidence from Turkey," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 287-309.
    25. Bolt, Wilko & Humphrey, David, 2015. "A frontier measure of U.S. banking competition," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 246(2), pages 450-461.
    26. Jan Boone, 2008. "A New Way to Measure Competition," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 118(531), pages 1245-1261, August.
    27. Barros, Carlos Pestana & Williams, Jonathan, 2013. "The random parameters stochastic frontier cost function and the effectiveness of public policy: Evidence from bank restructuring in Mexico," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 98-108.
    28. Glass, Anthony J. & Kenjegalieva, Karligash & Weyman-Jones, Thomas, 2020. "The effect of monetary policy on bank competition using the Boone index," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 282(3), pages 1070-1087.
    29. Ahmet Akin & Nizamettin Bayyurt & Selim Zaim, 2013. "Managerial and Technical Inefficiencies of Foreign and Domestic Banks in Turkey During the 2008 Global Crisis," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(3), pages 48-63, May.
    30. Boone, J. & van Ours, J.C. & van der Wiel, H.P., 2007. "How (Not) to Measure Competition," Discussion Paper 2007-32, Tilburg University, Center for Economic Research.
    31. Canan Yildirim, 2014. "Competition in Turkish Banking: Impacts of Restructuring and the Global Financial Crisis," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 52(2), pages 95-124, June.
    32. Mester, Loretta J., 1996. "A study of bank efficiency taking into account risk-preferences," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 20(6), pages 1025-1045, July.
    33. Fukuyama, Hirofumi & Matousek, Roman, 2011. "Efficiency of Turkish banking: Two-stage network system. Variable returns to scale model," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 75-91, February.
    34. Barth, James R. & Lin, Chen & Ma, Yue & Seade, Jesús & Song, Frank M., 2013. "Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency?," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 2879-2892.
    35. Isik, Ihsan & Hassan, M. Kabir, 2002. "Technical, scale and allocative efficiencies of Turkish banking industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 26(4), pages 719-766, April.
    36. Ahmet Faruk Aysan & Mustafa Mete Karakaya & Metin Uyanik, 2011. "Panel stochastic frontier analysis of profitability and efficiency of turkish banking sector in the post crisis era," Journal of Business Economics and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(4), pages 629-654, March.
    37. Hulusi Inanoglu & Mahmoud A. El-Gamal, 2005. "Inefficiency and heterogeneity in Turkish banking: 1990-2000," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(5), pages 641-664.
    38. Resul Aydemir, 2013. "Competition and Collusion in the Turkish Banking Industry," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(S5), pages 31-40, November.
    39. Fukuyama, Hirofumi & Matousek, Roman & Tzeremes, Nickolaos G., 2020. "A Nerlovian cost inefficiency two-stage DEA model for modeling banks’ production process: Evidence from the Turkish banking system," Omega, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    40. Hakan Güneş & Dilem Yıldırım, 2016. "Estimating Cost Efficiency of Turkish Commercial Banks under Unobserved Heterogeneity with Stochastic Frontier Models," ERC Working Papers 1603, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Mar 2016.
    41. Adnan Kasman, 2002. "Cost Efficiency, Scale Economies, and Technological Progress in Turkish Banking," Central Bank Review, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, vol. 2(1), pages 1-20.
    42. Adnan Kasman, 2010. "Consolidation and Competition in the Banking Industries of the EU Member and Candidate Countries," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(6), pages 121-139, November.
    43. Osman Zaim, 1995. "The Effect of Financial Liberalizationon the Efficiency of Turkish Commercial Banks," Working Papers 9505, Department of Economics, Bilkent University.
    44. Kasman, Saadet & Kasman, Adnan, 2015. "Bank competition, concentration and financial stability in the Turkish banking industry," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 502-517.
    45. A.I. Dimitras & K. Kosmidou & A.K. Apostolou, 2010. "Bank efficiency estimation and the change of the accounting standards: evidence from Greece," International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 2(1), pages 20-39.
    46. Cevdet Denizer & Mustafa Dinc & Murat Tarimcilar, 2007. "Financial liberalization and banking efficiency: evidence from Turkey," Journal of Productivity Analysis, Springer, vol. 27(3), pages 177-195, June.
    47. Zhao, Tianshu & Casu, Barbara & Ferrari, Alessandra, 2010. "The impact of regulatory reforms on cost structure, ownership and competition in Indian banking," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 246-254, January.
    48. Serdar Ozkan & Cagnur Balsari & Secil Varan, 2014. "Effect of Banking Regulation on Performance: Evidence from Turkey," Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(4), pages 196-211.
    49. Clark, Jeffrey A & Siems, Thomas F, 2002. "X-Efficiency in Banking: Looking beyond the Balance Sheet," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 34(4), pages 987-1013, November.
    50. Barbara Casu & Bimei Deng & Alessandra Ferrari, 2017. "Post-crisis regulatory reforms and bank performance: lessons from Asia," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(15), pages 1544-1571, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hakan Güneş & Dilem Yıldırım, 2016. "Estimating Cost Efficiency of Turkish Commercial Banks under Unobserved Heterogeneity with Stochastic Frontier Models," ERC Working Papers 1603, ERC - Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University, revised Mar 2016.
    2. Ferrari, A. & Tran, V.H.T., 2022. "Helping or hampering banks competition? The Asian experience after the Asian financial crisis," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 76(C).
    3. George Assaf, A. & Matousek, Roman & Tsionas, Efthymios G., 2013. "Turkish bank efficiency: Bayesian estimation with undesirable outputs," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 37(2), pages 506-517.
    4. John K. Dadzie & Alessandra Ferrari, 2019. "Deregulation, efficiency and competition in developing banking markets: Do reforms really work? A case study for Ghana," Journal of Banking Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 20(4), pages 328-340, December.
    5. Demirbag, Mehmet & McGuinness, Martina & Akin, Ahmet & Bayyurt, Nizamettin & Basti, Eyup, 2016. "The professional service firm (PSF) in a globalised economy: A study of the efficiency of securities firms in an emerging market," International Business Review, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 1089-1102.
    6. Emmanuel Tsiritakis, 2017. "Competition and Efficiency in EU Banking," SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, SPOUDAI Journal of Economics and Business, University of Piraeus, vol. 67(2), pages 3-25, April-Jun.
    7. Gulati, Rachita, 2022. "Global and local banking crises and risk-adjusted efficiency of Indian banks: Are the impacts really perspective-dependent?," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 84(C), pages 23-39.
    8. Shijaku, Gerti, 2016. "Does bank competition affect bank stability after the global financial crisis?," MPRA Paper 79084, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Richter Toni, 2021. "Bankenwettbewerb und die Stabilität von Finanzsektoren: Nur eine Frage der Messmethode?," Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftspolitik, De Gruyter, vol. 70(1), pages 1-36, May.
    10. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2015. "Efficiency of the banking system in Vietnam under financial liberalization," OSF Preprints qsf6d, Center for Open Science.
    11. Bing Xu & Adrian Van Rixtel & Michiel Van Leuvensteijn, 2013. "Measuring bank competition in China: a comparison of new versus conventional approaches applied to loan markets," BIS Working Papers 422, Bank for International Settlements.
    12. Nurhan Davutyan & Canan Yildirim, 2013. "Competitiveness in Turkish Banking: 2002-2011," Working Papers 774, Economic Research Forum, revised Sep 2013.
    13. Partovi, Elmira & Matousek, Roman, 2019. "Bank efficiency and non-performing loans: Evidence from Turkey," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 48(C), pages 287-309.
    14. Fukuyama, Hirofumi & Matousek, Roman, 2011. "Efficiency of Turkish banking: Two-stage network system. Variable returns to scale model," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 75-91, February.
    15. Iryna Okolelova & Jacob A. Bikker, 2022. "The single supervisory mechanism: Competitive implications for the banking sectors in the euro area," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 1818-1835, April.
    16. Kuessi, Richard & Nantob, N'Yilimon & Aguey, Segnon & Couchoro, Mawuli Kodjovi, 2023. "Competition and banking efficiency in the WAEMU: The role of multinationals and institutions," International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 175(C), pages 45-62.
    17. Iryna Okolelova & Jacob A. Bikker, 2022. "The single supervisory mechanism: Competitive implications for the banking sectors in the euro area," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 27(2), pages 1818-1835, April.
    18. Emmanuel C. Mamatzakis & Anh N. Vu, 2017. "The interplay between quantitative easing and risk: the case of the Japanese banking," Working Papers 226, Bank of Greece.
    19. Huang, Tai-Hsin & Hu, Chu-Nan & Chang, Bao-Guang, 2018. "Competition, efficiency, and innovation in Taiwan’s banking industry — An application of copula methods," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 362-375.
    20. Aysan, Ahmet Faruk & Ceyhan, Sanli Pinar, 2008. "Structural Change and the Efficiency of Banking In Turkey: Does Ownership Matter?," MPRA Paper 17849, University Library of Munich, Germany.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:pal:jbkreg:v:23:y:2022:i:4:d:10.1057_s41261-021-00182-0. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.